2024高考英語(yǔ)一輪語(yǔ)法對(duì)點(diǎn)講練：4 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣
語(yǔ)法對(duì)點(diǎn)講練四 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣
一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有一定的詞義，但需和其他動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。除have to, be able to外，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無(wú)人稱和數(shù)的變化。除have to, be able to外，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞只有現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)兩種基本形式。除ought, used外，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面接不帶to的不定式。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞中have to可以用have got to代替；need, dare也可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞；used to有兩種否定形式：used not to和did not use to。
1．can, could
?、俦硎揪哂心撤N能力，指有能力做某事。could表示過(guò)去的能力。
?、诒硎菊?qǐng)求和允許，和may相近；口語(yǔ)中可用could表示委婉語(yǔ)氣，但回答時(shí)仍用can。
?、郾硎究赡苄裕Ｓ糜诜穸ň浜鸵蓡?wèn)句中。
?、鼙硎倔@異、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度。
特別提示
?、荨癱an not/never ... too/enough”表示“無(wú)論怎么……也不過(guò)分；越……越好”。
You can't be too careful when travelling alone.
?、辌annot but do sth.表示“只好；不得不”。
Father cannot but agree with his daughter's opinion.
?、遚an't help doing sth.表示“禁不住做某事”。
2．be able to
?、郻e able to可以有多種時(shí)態(tài)，如：將來(lái)時(shí)(will be able to)，完成時(shí)(have/has/had been able to)。
?、醔e able to側(cè)重通過(guò)努力成功做成某事的能力。
He said he could swim across the river.(指本身具有這種能力)
At last he was able to swim across the river.(指通過(guò)努力做到了)
3．may, might
?、獗硎驹试S、許可或征求允許，否定回答時(shí)要用mustn't。might比may語(yǔ)氣委婉。
表示可能性，might比may可能性更小。
may表示祝愿、愿望，常用于感嘆句。
特別提示
may/might as well do sth.“不妨；還是……為好”。
Everything is ready. We might as well start now.
4．will, would
表示意志、決心或愿望。
用于第二人稱，表示請(qǐng)求、建議等。
will表示“總是；慣于”。would表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣，意為“過(guò)去常?！薄?/p>
表示推測(cè)或猜想。
用于否定句，表示“不肯；不樂(lè)意”。
特別提示
表示功能、特性，意為“能；行”，多用于否定句。
The door won't open.
would表示提出想法，通常與like, love, hate, be glad, prefer, be happy等連用。
5．shall
用于第一、三人稱的疑問(wèn)句中，表示征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)示。
用于第二、三人稱的陳述句，表示說(shuō)話者的命令、警告、許諾等語(yǔ)氣。
用于第三人稱，在條約、規(guī)定、法令等文件中表示義務(wù)或規(guī)定，意為“應(yīng)；必須”。
6．should, ought to
表示應(yīng)該，常用于表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的責(zé)任或義務(wù)；還可表示推測(cè)，指有一定依據(jù)的推測(cè)。
should還可表示驚訝，意為“竟會(huì)；居然”。
It's strange that he should be absent.
7．must, have to
must強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀看法，表示必須，have to強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要，意為“不得不”。
We must finish this work now.
We will have to reconsider this plan.
must表示“偏要；非得”等含義。這種用法常用于疑問(wèn)句、條件句中。
Must you waste so much time?
must的否定形式mustn't意為“不許；禁止”；若表示“沒(méi)有必要；不必”時(shí)，用needn't或don't have to。
must表示推測(cè)時(shí)，僅用于肯定句，但在反意疑問(wèn)句中，其后面反問(wèn)部分取決于must后面的動(dòng)詞形式。
You must be a newcomer, aren't you?
8．need
表示“需要；必須”，常用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中。肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn't。
9．dare
主要用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句以及條件句中，有過(guò)去式形式dared。
10．used to
“過(guò)去常常”，含有今昔對(duì)比的意味，表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在已結(jié)束。而would表示過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，但不含對(duì)比意味。
11．had better, would better
had better表示“最好……”； would better表示“寧愿；寧可”。
12．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have done
must have done用在肯定句中，表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的肯定推測(cè)，語(yǔ)氣堅(jiān)定。
can't have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況表示否定的推測(cè)，是must have done的否定形式。
could have done用于肯定句，表示過(guò)去本能完成但事實(shí)上并沒(méi)有完成，意為“本來(lái)能夠”。
may/might have done表示過(guò)去“可能發(fā)生”某事，意為“可能……；或許……”。
should have done表示“過(guò)去本應(yīng)該做某事而沒(méi)有做”。
shouldn't have done sth.表示“過(guò)去本不該做某事而做了”。
needn't have done表示“過(guò)去本沒(méi)有必要做某事而做了”。
對(duì)點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練
完成下列小題，并指出考查上述哪個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)(①～)
第一組 單項(xiàng)填空
1．(2024·新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)The door ________ open, no matter how hard she pushed.
A. shouldn't
B. couldn't
C. wouldn't
D. mightn't
答案 __C__ 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 句意：不管她怎么用力推門(mén)，都無(wú)法打開(kāi)這扇門(mén)。shouldn't“不應(yīng)該”； couldn't“主觀的不能”； wouldn't“不會(huì)；不能(客觀)”； mightn't“可能不”。
2．(2024·新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)Since nobody gave him any help, he ________ have done the research on his own.
A. can B. must
C. would
D. need
答案 __B__ 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 句意：由于沒(méi)人給予他任何幫助，他一定是獨(dú)立做的研究。must have done對(duì)過(guò)去的肯定推測(cè)。
3．(2024·北京卷)— You needn't take an umbrella. It isn't going to rain.
— Well, I don't know. It ________ do.
A. might
B. need
C. would
D. should
答案 __A__ 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 句意：——你不必帶傘，天不會(huì)下雨。——哦，我不知道。天也許會(huì)下雨。might“也許”，表推測(cè)，符合句意。
4．(2024·安徽卷)It ________ be the vocabulary that caused you the problem in the exercise because you know a lot of words.
A. may
B. couldn't
C. should
D. needn't
答案 __B__ 知識(shí)點(diǎn) __③__
解析 由you know a lot of words可知不可能是詞匯導(dǎo)致的問(wèn)題。couldn't“不可能”。
5．(2024·湖南卷)He ________ sleep, although he tried to, when he got on such a hunt for an idea until he had caught it.
A. wouldn't
B. shouldn't
C. couldn't
D. mustn't
答案 __C__ 知識(shí)點(diǎn) __①__
解析 根據(jù)“盡管他努力了，但是他不能入睡……”，故用couldn't。
第二組 語(yǔ)法填空
6．Jack, it's too hot here. ________ I open the window?
答案 Shall 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 shall用于第一、三人稱疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，用于征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)。
7．If the wound ________ become infected, do not hesitate to call me.
答案 should 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 should可以用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示事件發(fā)生的可能性，意為“假定要；將要”。
8．According to his will, his money ________ be used to build a school instead of a market.
答案 shall 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 shall用于第三人稱，表示依照遺囑、規(guī)章、法律等“必須；應(yīng)該”怎么樣。
9．It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you didn't ________ do it.
答案 have_to 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 句意：你真是太好了，把這些東西洗了，但是你沒(méi)有必要洗的。didn't have to do表示“本沒(méi)必要做”，客觀上的“不必要”，動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生了。
10．— Alice looks sad. Did you tell her about her brother's accident?
— Sorry, I ________ (not, tell) her just before her final exams.
答案 shouldn't_have_told 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 shouldn't have done sth.表示“本不該做某事，但是已經(jīng)做了”，含有責(zé)備的意味。正確答案是D項(xiàng)。
第三組 單項(xiàng)填空
11．— How can I achieve my goal?
— You ________ work hard and stick to it.
A. can
B. may
C. must
D. would
答案 __C__ 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 must“必須；應(yīng)該”，表示強(qiáng)烈的勸告。
12．(2024·漳州七校5月聯(lián)考)When we worked in the same office, we ________ have coffee together.
A. might
B. should
C. could
D. would
答案 __D__ 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 would表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的經(jīng)常性。
13．(2024·甘肅三模)You were stupid to try climbing up there. You ________ yourself.
A. can kill
B. might have killed
C. might kill
D. must have killed
答案 __B__ 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 might have done sth.表示“過(guò)去有可能發(fā)生某事”，符合句意。must have done sth.表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的肯定推測(cè)，意為“一定是；準(zhǔn)是”。
14．(2024·石家莊二模)He ________ it on schedule, but somehow he fell behind.
A. must have done
B. might finish
C. could have finished
D. could finish
答案 __C__ 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 由句意可知，他沒(méi)有能夠完成。could have done sth.表示“本來(lái)能夠做某事，而沒(méi)做成”，有責(zé)備的含義，符合句意。
15．(2024·煙臺(tái)5月練習(xí)三)The weather turned out fine; I ________ have taken the raincoat with me.
A. wouldn't
B. couldn't
C. mustn't
D. needn't
答案 __D__ 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 天氣很好，所以本沒(méi)有必要帶雨衣。needn't have done sth.表示“沒(méi)有必要做某事卻做了”，符合句意。
第四組 語(yǔ)法填空
16．________ we go to the McDonald's? I am sick of the food there!
答案 Must 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 must可以用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人不耐煩，意為“非要；偏偏”，往往暗示令人不愉快的事將要發(fā)生。
17．You ________ (not) trust an online shop just because it has a beautifully-designed website.
答案 shouldn't 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 句意：你不應(yīng)該只是因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)網(wǎng)店設(shè)計(jì)漂亮就輕易相信它。must有些絕對(duì)。
18．The bike under the tree ________ belong to Peter. Look! His bag is on it.
答案 must 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 根據(jù)“Look! His bag is on it.”可知樹(shù)下那輛自行車(chē)一定是彼得的。must用于對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的肯定推測(cè)。
19．Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but ________ (not) say where he was.
答案 wouldn't 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 句意：幾天之后，我哥哥打電話報(bào)了平安，但不愿說(shuō)他在什么地方。wouldn't“不愿意；堅(jiān)決不”，符合句意。
20．I ________ (not) thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
答案 can't 知識(shí)點(diǎn) __⑤__
解析 句意：我們不在家時(shí)，你對(duì)我兒子的幫助，我怎么感謝你都不過(guò)分。can't/couldn't ... too ...意思是“再……都不為過(guò)”。
21．— Did you punish him for losing your digital camera?
— Yes, but I don't think I ________ (do) that.
答案 should_have_done 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 句意：——他丟了你的數(shù)碼相機(jī)，你懲罰他了嗎？——是的，但是我現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為本不該這樣做。答語(yǔ)是一個(gè)否定前移的句式， shouldn't have done表示做了不該做的事。
22．— The work will take me another week. I'm really tired.
— I think you ________ as well consult an experienced worker.
答案 may/might 知識(shí)點(diǎn) ____
解析 句意：——這項(xiàng)工作還得用一周才能完成，我真的太累了?！矣X(jué)得你倒不如找一個(gè)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的工人商量一下。may/might as well表示“還是……的好；倒不如”，相當(dāng)于had better。
二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于從句
知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解
1．虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于if條件從句
①表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)(be動(dòng)詞一律用were)。主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should/would/could/might＋動(dòng)詞原形。
?、诒硎九c過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should/would/could/might＋have done。
?、郾硎九c將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)，或were to＋動(dòng)詞原形，或should＋動(dòng)詞原形，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用would/could/should/might＋動(dòng)詞原形。
特別提示
④錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句：條件從句與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是同時(shí)發(fā)生。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要根據(jù)各自的時(shí)間來(lái)確定。
If I
at school, I ， too.
If it
much, the crops would .
If
today, we
to Beijing.
⑤含蓄條件句：由介詞with, without, but for, in that position等，或由連詞or, otherwise, and, but, but that等代替if條件句。
I couldn't have finished the work on time without your help.
But for your timely warning, we would have got into great trouble.
?、奘÷詉f的虛擬條件句：當(dāng)虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含有were, should, had時(shí)，if可省略，而將were, should, had等詞置于句首，形成倒裝。
Were he here, everything would be alright.
Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off the trip.
2．虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于其他狀語(yǔ)從句
?、遖s if/though引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的虛擬時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)(be動(dòng)詞一律用were)；表示過(guò)去的虛擬時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“had＋done”。
?、鄀ven if/though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，主句和從句都用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，動(dòng)詞形式與if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣相同。
