2024屆高考英語一輪語法復習練:第12講 情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣(新人教版含解析)
第十二講
情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣
(一) 情態(tài)動詞
單句語法填空
1.(2024·北京高考改編)—Can’t you stay a little longer?
—It’s getting late.I really must go now. My daughter is home alone.
2. (2024·福建高考改編)—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.
—Oh, it’s too bad. You should_have_made (make) full preparations.
3.(2024·陜西高考改編)You may feel all the training a waste of time, but I’m a hundred percent sure later you’ll be grateful you did it.
4.(2024·重慶高考改編)You must be Carol. You haven’t changed a bit after all these years.
5.(2024·江西高考改編)Life is unpredictable; even the poorest might become the richest.
6.(2024·四川高考改編)I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would take me to Disneyland at weekends.
7.(2024·江蘇高考改編)It was sad to me that they, so poor themselves, should bring me food.
8.(2024·遼寧高考改編)Harry is feeling uncomfortable. He must_have_drunk (drink) too much at the party last night.
一、情態(tài)動詞的基本用法
(一)can/could的用法
1.表示能力,意為“能,會”。
?、費any people can use the computer.
許多人會用電腦。
?、贜o one could answer this challenging question.
沒人能回答這個具有挑戰(zhàn)性的問題。
2.表示客觀或理論上的可能性。
?、買t can be very hot here in summer.
這里夏天有時會很熱。
?、贏ccidents can happen to any drunken driver.
醉酒的司機都有可能發(fā)生交通事故。
3.表示請求或允許。在疑問句中could可以代替can,語氣更委婉。
Can I have a word with you? It won’t take long.(2024·北京高考單選)
我可以和你談談嗎?不會花很多時間的。
4.表示推測,意為“可能”,用于否定句和疑問句。can比could語氣強。
①He can’t be our manager. He has gone to Beijing.
他不可能是我們經理。我們經理已經去北京了。
?、贖e can’t have left. His coat is here.
他不可能已經走了。他的外套還在這里。
(二)may/might的用法
1.表示請求和許可。在疑問句中might可以代替may,語氣更加委婉。
—Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter?
—Yes, you may.
——我可以要一張你小女兒的照片嗎?
——是的,可以。
2.表示推測,意為“或許,可能”,通常用于肯定句和否定句。might比may語氣弱。
—I don’t really like James. Why did you invite him?
—Don’t worry. He might not come. He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.
——我真的不喜歡詹姆斯。為什么你邀請他?
——別擔心,他或許不會來。他說他還不能確定他的計劃。
3.表示祝愿,常用結構為“May+主語+動詞原形!”
May you be happy every day!
愿你快樂每一天!
(三)must的用法
1.表示“必須”,語氣強烈。
have to表示“不得不”,意義與must相近,但又有所區(qū)別。must表示說話人的主觀看法,have to則強調客觀需要;must只有一種形式,而have to有人稱、時態(tài)等方面的變化。
?、佟猄hall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?
—I am afraid you must, in case he comes late for the meeting.
——我該馬上通知他日程改了嗎?
——我想你必須(通知他),以免他開會遲到。
②I have to go now , because my mother is in hospital.
我現在不得不走了,因為我母親在住院。
2.表示推測,意為“一定”,用于肯定句。
Someone must have used my umbrella yesterday. I found it wet.
昨天一定有人用了我的雨傘,我發(fā)現它濕了。
3.意為“偏要,非要……不可”。
If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.
如果你非要走,至少要等到暴風雨停止。
4.mustn’t表示禁止,意為“不得,不允許;一定不要”。
That car is my property; you mustn’t use it without my permission.
那輛車是我的財產,你必須得到我的允許才能使用。
(四)shall的用法
1.用于第一、三人稱疑問句中,表示說話人征求對方的意見。
?、賁hall we put off the sports meet till next month?
我們能否將運動會推遲到下個月?
②Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?
明天湯姆可以和我一起去那里嗎?
2.用于第二、三人稱陳述句中,表示說話人的命令、警告、威脅、允諾、決心等;或用于條約、規(guī)定、法令、法律等,意為“必須”。
You shall be punished for what you have done.
你必須為你的所作所為受到懲罰。
(五)should/ought to的用法
1.should表示責任、義務、勸告、建議等,意為“應該”。
We should be strict with ourselves.
我們對自己應該嚴格要求。
2.should表示出乎意料的口氣,意為“竟然,居然”。
Such a gentleman should do that.
這樣一位紳士竟然會做那種事。
3.ought to表示義務或責任,意為“應該”,語氣比should稍重。
You ought not to be late for such an important meeting.
這么重要的會議你不應該遲到的。
4.should和ought to表示推測,指預期的可能性,意為“應該,估計”。
She promised to come by 10 o’clock. She should/ought to be here at any moment.
她答應10點之前來的。她隨時都可能來到。
(六)will/would的用法
1.表示意愿、意志、決心。will指現在,would指過去。
?、買 will never talk to him again.
我再也不愿意和他說話了。
?、凇猈hy didn’t you come to Simon’s party last night?
—I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.
——為什么你昨天晚上沒來參加西蒙的聚會?
——我想去參加,但只是我媽媽不愿意讓我那么晚出去。
2.表示征求意見或提出請求,多用于第二人稱疑問句中。would比will語氣委婉。
Would you mind opening the window for me?
請你給我打開窗戶好嗎?
3.表示習慣性動作、固有屬性、必然趨勢,意為“總是;習慣于”。will指現在,would指過去。
?、貴ish will die without water.
沒有水,魚會死去的。
?、贓very morning he will have a walk along this river.
每天早晨,他總是沿著小河散步。
?、跰um would tell us stories before we went to bed.
過去在我們上床睡覺前,媽媽總給我們講故事。
4.表示功能,意為“能,可以”,常用于否定句。
The door won’t open.
這門打不開。
(七)need的用法
作情態(tài)動詞時,need沒有人稱和時態(tài)的變化,后接動詞原形,一般用于否定句或疑問句中。其否定形式是在其后直接加not,疑問形式是直接將need提到主語前。由need構成的一般疑問句,其肯定回答用must。
①You needn’t be told twice about one single thing.
同一件事不必對你說兩遍。
?、凇狽eed I tell him everything that’s happened to his parents?
—Yes, you must./No, you needn’t.
——我有必要告訴他有關他父母發(fā)生的一切嗎?
——是的,必須。/不,沒必要。
—————————————————————————————————————
need還可以作實義動詞,此時有人稱和數的變化,后面可跟名詞、帶to的不定式或動名詞等作賓語,其否定形式、疑問形式都要通過助動詞do構成。
—————————————————————————————————————
?、貾lants need light in order to survive.
植物存活必須有光照。
?、贒o I need to leave my telephone number and address?
我有必要把電話號碼和地址留下嗎?
?、踄ou don’t need to hand in your compositions today.
你們今天不必交作文。
二、“情態(tài)動詞+have done”的用法
情態(tài)動詞+have done 用 法
must have done 一定做過某事,其否定形式為can’t/couldn’t have done
can/could have done 1.本來能夠做某事但卻未做
2.可能做過某事
can’t/couldn’t have done 不可能做過某事
may/might
have done 或許/可能做過某事
should/ought to have done 本該做但卻未做,其否定形式表示本不該做但卻做了
needn’t have done 做了本沒有必要做的事情
?、貶e is so happy. He must have won the match.
他這么高興,他一定贏了這次比賽。
②She can’t have read about the explosion. She didn’t know anything about it.
她不可能讀過關于爆炸的消息,她對此一點也不知道。
?、踄ou could have done better, but you were too careless.
你本來能做得更好些,但你當時太粗心了。
?、躍he may have bought the dictionary, but I’m not sure.
她可能買了那本詞典,但我不太確信。
?、軸orry, I’m late.I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
對不起,我遲到了。我可能把鬧鐘關掉后又睡著了。
?、轑ook! There are so many mistakes in your composition.You should have fixed full attention on it.
看! 你的作文里有這么多的錯誤。你本應該把所有的注意力都集中在它上面的。
?、遅e needn’t have bought so much food now that Suzie won’t be with us for dinner.
既然蘇西不與我們一起吃晚飯,我們原本不必買那么多食物。
(二) 虛擬語氣
單句語法填空
1.(2024·廣東高考語法填空)He walked in as if he had_bought (buy) the school.
2.(2024·安徽高考改編)It is lucky we booked a room, or we would_have (have) nowhere to stay now.
3.(2024·重慶高考改編)Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway wouldn’t_have_written (not write) his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
4.(2024·天津高考改編)I wish I had_been (be) at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
5.(2024·陜西高考改編)Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I danced (dance) as well as her.
6.(2024·北京高考改編)We would_be (be) back in the hotel now if you didn’t lose the map.
7.(2024·福建高考改編)If there were (be) no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.
8.(2024·陜西高考改編)My mom suggests that we should_eat (eat)
out for a change this weekend.
一、if條件句中的虛擬語氣
if條件
從句 從句的謂語形式 主句的謂語形式
表示現
在情況 動詞過去式(be的過去式用were) should/would/could/might+動詞原形
表示過
去情況 had+過去分詞 should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞
表示將
來情況 should+動詞原形 should/would/could/might+動詞原形
動詞過去式
were to+動詞原形
?、買f I had enough money, I would buy myself a computer first of all.
如果我有足夠的錢,我首先要為自己買一臺電腦。
?、贗f Mr. Dewey had been present, he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.(2024·湖南高考單選)
如果Dewey先生在場的話,他就會為那里的人提供任何可能的幫助。
?、跧f I saw/should see/were to see him tomorrow, I would invite him home.
如果明天見到他,我會邀請他到我家。
二、錯綜時間條件句中的虛擬語氣
當條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時間不一致時,被稱為“錯綜時間條件句”,動詞的形式要根據它所表示的時間做出相應的調整。
?、買f we had booked a table earlier, we wouldn’t be standing here in a queue.(2024·北京高考單選)
如果我們早一點訂一張桌子,現在就不會站在這里排隊了。
?、贗f you hadn’t left home without a word, your parents wouldn’t be so worried now.
要是你說句話再離開家,你父母現在就不會那么擔心了。
三、省略if的倒裝句
在虛擬條件狀語從句中可省略if,把were, had, should提到句首,變?yōu)榈寡b句式。
①Were she my daughter, I wouldn’t allow her to study abroad.
如果她是我的女兒,我就不讓她出國學習了。
?、贖ad he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.(2024·天津高考單選)
如果他趕上了早班火車,他就不會開會遲到了。
四、含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣
有時假設的情況并不以條件從句表示,而是由otherwise, but, or, without, but for等來引導或者通過上下文引出。
①But for your advice, I would have failed.
?。絀f you hadn’t given me advice, I would have failed.
如果不是你的建議,我會失敗的。
?、赪ithout your help, I wouldn’t have succeeded anyway.
=If you hadn’t helped me, I wouldn’t have succeeded anyway.
沒有你的幫助,我無論如何也不會成功。
五、(should+) do ...結構的虛擬語氣
1.用于表示建議、愿望、命令等動詞后的賓語從句中
常見的動詞有:demand, order, require, insist, suggest, propose, advise, request, urge, command, prefer, desire, recommend等。賓語從句中的虛擬語氣結構為“should+動詞原形”,should可以省略。
一主張:insist
二命令:order, command