2024高考英語(yǔ)考綱解讀及熱點(diǎn)演練：16 完形填空

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　　完形填空題的特點(diǎn)是篇幅小，但起點(diǎn)高，題量大，字?jǐn)?shù)在230～300之間。完形填空的選材近年來(lái)以第一人稱為主的夾敘夾議勵(lì)志型材料，具有極強(qiáng)的時(shí)代意義和真切的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。完形填空考查考生對(duì)語(yǔ)法、詞匯、習(xí)語(yǔ)、句型、搭配等基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的綜合運(yùn)用能力和短文的閱讀理解能力，靈活運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的能力并且根據(jù)試題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行正確的邏輯推理，綜合判斷和分析概括的能力。

　　一、記敘文是一種以記敘為主要表達(dá)方式的文體。它主要分為記人、敘事、寫景幾個(gè)方面，包括幽默故事、名人傳記、逸聞趣事等。如果文章交代了when，where，who，what，how這五個(gè)要素，那么文章就是記敘文。為了測(cè)試考生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的理解能力，命題人會(huì)特別注意選材的趣味性。記敘文的結(jié)尾往往出人意料，耐人尋味。

　　做題時(shí)，考生可以從以下幾點(diǎn)進(jìn)行突破。

　　1．重視首句，把握全篇

　　敘事性文章往往在第一句就會(huì)把事情發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等交代清楚或者對(duì)所要敘述的事情的性質(zhì)、特征加以描述，這為我們理解文章提供了一個(gè)“窗口”。所以考生應(yīng)充分重視首句的指導(dǎo)作用，利用它找到解題突破口，應(yīng)“先完意，再完形”，即把握了全篇大意之后，再逐空試填。

　　2．理清線索，找準(zhǔn)方向

　　記敘文一般按事件發(fā)展的時(shí)間或空間順序來(lái)敘述，有時(shí)用倒敘手法。因此，我們?cè)谧鲱}時(shí)可以首先抓住表示時(shí)間順序的詞，且要理清人物之間的關(guān)系，弄清楚人物各自所做的事情，準(zhǔn)確理解文章。

　　3．利用語(yǔ)境，揣摩心態(tài)

　　高考完形填空題逐漸摒棄對(duì)語(yǔ)法的考查，朝著深層化和語(yǔ)境化的方向發(fā)展，因此考生要借助上下文語(yǔ)境來(lái)揣摩作者對(duì)文章中各個(gè)角色、各個(gè)事件的態(tài)度。在答題過程中，考生應(yīng)該通過字里行間的內(nèi)容體會(huì)主人公的心理活動(dòng)，弄懂主人公對(duì)人物或事件的態(tài)度，身臨其境，與主人公的思維保持一致。

　　二、夾敘夾議完形填空所選的文章一般富于哲理性，往往可以從一件看似平淡的小事中悟出深刻的人生哲理，因此耐人尋味，可讀性較強(qiáng)。

　　在結(jié)構(gòu)上，作者首先敘述一件事情，然后就此事情引申出一個(gè)深刻的社會(huì)話題或就此事提出自己的觀點(diǎn)；或者先提出一種觀點(diǎn)或看法，然后就這一觀點(diǎn)或看法用具體的事例加以說(shuō)明，最后再進(jìn)一步闡述或作出結(jié)論。

　　夾敘夾議文在語(yǔ)言上又具有議論文的特點(diǎn)：語(yǔ)言客觀、準(zhǔn)確、邏輯性強(qiáng)，且具有概括性。那么，我們?cè)谧鰥A敘夾議文類的完形填空題時(shí)，需要注意哪些方面呢？

　　1．重視文章首句

　　夾敘夾議文常常以文章的標(biāo)題、首句或簡(jiǎn)短的第一段導(dǎo)入話題，然后以順敘或倒敘等敘事的方式適當(dāng)加以描寫，通過巧妙安排，在文章最后概括主題。因此，在解答夾敘夾議文類的完形填空時(shí)，考生首先要讀懂第一段，尤其是文章的第一句話，這樣就可以迅速總結(jié)出全文的主旨大意。

　　2．理清文章結(jié)構(gòu)

　　夾敘夾議文類的文章通常是先進(jìn)行敘述，然后在段落的結(jié)尾或文章的末尾展開議論，提出故事所包含的哲理或總結(jié)自己的觀點(diǎn)。做題時(shí)，考生要跟著作者的思路讀全文，思維要有靈活性，要隨著記敘與議論的轉(zhuǎn)換，及時(shí)調(diào)整思維方式。只有理清了文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，才能更容易地理解文章，作出正確的選擇。

　　3．抓住文章線索

　　理解夾敘夾議類文章要抓住線索，注意情節(jié)的變化，以求綜觀上下文，達(dá)到整體理解文意，從而避免片面性和斷章取義。找出敘述、議論部分相關(guān)的命題規(guī)律與特點(diǎn)，分清論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)的習(xí)慣表達(dá)方式，找準(zhǔn)文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論句式，使敘述與議論渾然一體。

　　三、說(shuō)明文是用說(shuō)明的方式介紹人或事物、解釋事理的一種文體。說(shuō)明文體裁的完形填空的最顯著的特點(diǎn)是：

　　1．開頭點(diǎn)題

　　做說(shuō)明文體裁的完形填空時(shí)，要明確說(shuō)明的對(duì)象是什么，是具體的實(shí)物還是理論性概念。因此，明確說(shuō)明的對(duì)象是掌握說(shuō)明細(xì)節(jié)的前提。在近幾年的說(shuō)明文體裁的完形填空題中，作者一般在文章的首句直接點(diǎn)明要說(shuō)明的對(duì)象。

　　2．結(jié)構(gòu)清晰

　　把握語(yǔ)篇特征對(duì)理解文意與答題極為有利。說(shuō)明文的寫作一般按時(shí)間順序(先后順序等)，空間順序(從局部到整體，從上到下，從內(nèi)到外等)，邏輯順序(前因后果，先果后因，先主后次等)，認(rèn)知順序(由此及彼，由淺入深，由具體到抽象，由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)等)。

　　在做說(shuō)明文體裁的完形填空時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)特別留意以下幾點(diǎn)：

　　1．通過短文首尾句抓主旨

　　通讀全文，看它是屬于說(shuō)明事物的說(shuō)明文還是說(shuō)明事理的說(shuō)明文；是單純說(shuō)明類的說(shuō)明文還是說(shuō)明加敘述類的說(shuō)明文。而尾句往往是文章的結(jié)論或點(diǎn)睛之筆，由此可知，抓住開篇啟示作用的首句和總結(jié)概括性的尾句是很必要的。

　　2．關(guān)注段落間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系

　　由于說(shuō)明文一般是針對(duì)某一個(gè)對(duì)象從不同的角度和側(cè)面加以說(shuō)明的，每一段都有側(cè)重點(diǎn)，對(duì)這些內(nèi)容要進(jìn)行概括、總結(jié)，從而找出段落之間的聯(lián)系，以便更深刻地理解文章的內(nèi)容。

　　3．根據(jù)寫作手法理解細(xì)節(jié)

　　說(shuō)明文中有些細(xì)節(jié)就是寫作手法的體現(xiàn)，而完形填空往往就是針對(duì)這些細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行考查的。所以，考生要學(xué)會(huì)逆向推理，從正確理解寫作手法入手來(lái)把握細(xì)節(jié)。

　　考點(diǎn)1、記敘文

　　例1、(2024·湖北)Zigfried，a little mouse，blew his breath on the frosty window of the farmhouse and rubbed it to see the outside.Still nobody came.Maybe today, he thought__1__.It was only a few days before Christmas and he was watching for a miracle(奇跡)．

　　This farmhouse had been__2__too long.It needed a family.Zigfried's__3__made a noise.He realized that he hadn't eaten anything since yesterday.He jumped from the windowsill(窗沿), grabbed a__4__from his home, and went next door to Farmer Mike's.

　　Farmer Mike's house had been a great place for the little mouse__5__the farmer married a wife who had a cat.Zigfried__6__when he thought of it.He looked around cautiously as he__7__into the room where grain was stored and was quite__8__as he filled his bag with wheat.He was turning to leave when suddenly he__9__a hot breath about his ear.His heart beat__10__，and without thinking he started to run and luckily__11__the cat's paws (爪子)．

　　The next afternoon Zigfried heard some good news: a__12__family would be moving into the farmhouse soon.Zigfried's granny would arrive on Christmas Eve to__13__with him.He hoped that the family would come before his granny came.Before long, a car came__14__the road leading to the house, with butter sandwiches, cheese and chocolate.

　　Zigfried's Christmas miracle did arrive!

　　The house came__15__the next few days.Zigfried__16__every single hour of them.__17__， the day before Christmas when he was drinking hot chocolate with a__18__smile at the door of his home, he heard the__19__of the children of the family about what they might get for Christmas.What? A cat? The__20__froze on his face; his mouth fell wide open.After a long while, he at last found his voice: “Hey! Whose Christmas miracle is this？”

　　1．A.carefully

　　B．excitedly

　　C．hopefully

　　D．proudly

　　2．A.shabby

　　B．noisy

　　C．messy

　　D．empty

　　3．A.mouth

　　B．nose

　　C．stomach

　　D．throat

　　4．A.bag

　　B．stick

　　C．bowl

　　D．coat

　　5．A.although

　　B．until

　　C．whereas

　　D．unless

　　6．A.leapt

　　B．sniffed

　　C．trembled

　　D．withdrew

　　7．A.broke

　　B．marched

　　C．paced

　　D．stole

　　8．A.curious

　　B．nervous

　　C．pitiful

　　D．sensible

　　9．A.took

　　B．released

　　C．felt

　　D．drew

　　10．A.strongly

　　B．irregularly

　　C．slowly

　　D．wildly

　　11．A.escaped

　　B．seized

　　C．rubbed

　　D．scratched

　　12．A.close

　　B．happy

　　C．new

　　D．young

　　13．A.celebrate

　　B．communicate

　　C．compete

　　D．compromise

　　14．A.across

　　B．from

　　C．off

　　D．up

　　15．A.alive

　　B．loose

　　C．open

　　D．still

　　16．A.counted

　　B．enjoyed

　　C．missed

　　D．wasted

　　17．A.However

　　B．Instead

　　C．Moreover

　　D．Therefore

　　18．A.bitter

　　B．forced

　　C．polite

　　D．satisfied

　　19．A.introduction

　　B．discussion

　　C．comment

　　D．debate

　　20．A.blood

　　B．smile

　　C．tear

　　D．sweat

　　考點(diǎn)二、夾敘夾議文

　　(2024·江蘇)I used to believe in the American Dream，which meant a job，a mortgage(按揭)，credit cards，success.I wanted it and worked toward it like everyone else，all of us __21__ chasing the same thing.

　　One year，through a series of unhappy events，it all fell __22__.I found myself homeless and alone.I had my truck and $56.I __23__ the countryside for some place I could rent for the __24__ possible amount.I came upon a shabby house four miles up a winding mountain road __25__the Potomac River in West Virginia.It was__26__，full of broken glass and rubbish.I found the owner，rented it，and __27__ a corner to camp in.

　　The locals knew nothing about me，__28__ slowly，they started teaching me the __29__ of being a neighbor.They dropped off blankets，candles，and tools，and began __30__ around to chat.They started to teach me a belief in a __31__ American Dream—not the one of individual achievement but of __32__.

　　What I had believed in，all those things I thought were__33__ for a civilized life，were nonexistent in this place.__34__ on the mountain，my most valuable possessions were my __35__ with my neighbors.

　　Four years later，I moved back into __36__.I saw many people were having a really hard time，__37__ their jobs and homes.I managed to rent a big enough house to __38__ a handful of people.There are four of us now in the house，but over time I've had nine people come in and move on to other places.We'd all be in __39__ if we hadn't banded together.

　　The American Dream I believe in now is a shared one.It's not so much about what I can get for myself；it's about __40__ we can all get by together.

　　【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文屬于夾敘夾議的文體。作者從自己的親身經(jīng)歷，反映出一個(gè)人的夢(mèng)不是美國(guó)夢(mèng)，所有人的夢(mèng)才是美國(guó)夢(mèng)，只有大家共同努力才能實(shí)現(xiàn)共同的夢(mèng)想。

　　21．A.separately

　　B．equally

　　C．violently

　　D．naturally

　　22．A.off

　　B．a(chǎn)part

　　C．over

　　D．out

　　23．A.crossed

　　B．left

　　C．toured

　　D．searched

　　24．A.fullest

　　B．largest

　　C．fairest

　　D．cheapest

　　25．A.at

　　B．through

　　C．over

　　D．round

　　26．A.occupied

　　B．a(chǎn)bandoned

　　C．emptied

　　D．robbed

　　27．A.turned

　　B．a(chǎn)pproached

　　C．cleared

　　D．cut

　　28．A.but

　　B．a(chǎn)lthough

　　C．otherwise

　　D．for

　　29．A.benefit

　　B．lesson

　　C．nature

　　D．a(chǎn)rt

　　30．A.sticking

　　B．looking

　　C．swinging

　　D．turning

　　31．A.wild

　　B．real

　　C．different

　　D．remote

　　32．A.neighborliness

　　B．happiness

　　C．friendliness

　　D．kindness

　　33．A.unique

　　B．expensive

　　C．rare

　　D．necessary

　　34．A.Up

　　B．Down

　　C．Deep

　　D．Along

　　35．A.cooperation

　　B．relationships

　　C．satisfaction

　　D．a(chǎn)ppointments

　　36．A.reality

　　B．society

　　C．town

　　D．life

　　37．A.creating

　　B．losing

　　C．quitting

　　D．offering

　　38．A.put in

　　B．turn in

　　C．take in

　　D．get in

　　39．A.yards

　　B．shelters

　　C．camps

　　D．cottages

　　40．A.when

　　B．what

　　C．whether

　　D．how

　　考點(diǎn)3、說(shuō)明文

　　例3、(2024·安徽)If you want to learn a new language, the very first thing to think about is why.Do you need it for a__41__reason, such as your job or your studies？__42__perhaps you're interested in the__43__，films or music of a different country and you know how much it will help to have a__44__of the language.

　　Most people learn best using a variety of__45__， but traditional classes are an ideal(理想的)start for many people.They__46__an environment where you can practice under the __47__ of someone who's good at the language.We all lead __48__ lives and learning a language takes__49__.You will have more success if you study regularly, so try to develop a__50__.It doesn't matter if you haven't got long.Becoming fluent in a language will take years, but learning to get by takes__51__.

　　Many people start learning a language and soon give up.“I'm too__52__，” they say.Yes, children do learn languages more __53__ than adults, but research has shown that you can learn a language at any__54__.And learning is good for the health of your brain, too.I've also heard people__55__ about the mistakes they make when__56__.Well, relax and laugh about your mistakes __57__you're much less likely to make them again.

　　Learning a new language is never __58__.But with some work and devotion, you'll make progress.And you'll be __59__by the positive reaction of some people when you say just a few words in __60__ own language.Good luck!

　　【語(yǔ)篇解讀】該篇文章屬于說(shuō)明文，主要進(jìn)述了學(xué)語(yǔ)言的原因。學(xué)好語(yǔ)言的方式：班級(jí)授課及經(jīng)常練習(xí)，個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的態(tài)度，即從不放棄，專心致志。

　　41．A.technical

　　B．political

　　C．practical

　　D．physical

　　42．A.After

　　B．So

　　C．Though

　　D．Or

　　43．A.literature

　　B．transport

　　C．a(chǎn)griculture