格魯吉亞的歷史

　　2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語中占了40分，所以考研英語閱讀是英語科目中重要的一項。名師老師曾建議過考研生需要堅持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語的主要材料來源.希望考研考生認真閱讀，快速提高考研英語閱讀水平。 　　Georgia s history 　　格魯吉亞的歷史 　　Bad location 　　糟糕的位置 　　Despite its unhappy history and dire geography,Georgia is doing well 　　雖然歷史坎坷，位置糟糕，格魯吉亞現(xiàn)在做得不錯 　　Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. By DonaldRayfield. 　　《帝國的邊緣：格魯吉亞的歷史》。作者：Donald Rayfield。 　　Georgia: A Political History since Independence. 　　《格魯吉亞：自獨立開始的政治歷史》。作者：Stephen Jones。 　　TO MOST outsiders Georgian history is a closed book. Indeed for English-speakers there arepractically no books at all. Georgia mostly features on the edges of other peoples histories.Xenophon, describing Greek mercenaries attempts to get home in 400BC, wrote the firstdescription of it. Books about the Soviet Union highlight Georgia s role as a rebelliouscaptive and as the birthplace of Josef Stalin, its most infamous son. A flurry of recentaccounts describe the brief, disastrous war with Russia in 2008. Now Donald Rayfield of theUniversity of London and Stephen Jones of Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts havewritten ambitious and comprehensive histories of a complex country. 　　大多數(shù)非格魯吉亞人對格魯吉亞的歷史一無所知。實際上基本沒有一本關(guān)于格魯吉亞歷史的書籍是用英語寫的。大多數(shù)情況下，格魯吉亞只能在別國歷史的邊邊角角里看到。公元前400年，描述希臘雇傭兵為回家而努力的色諾芬第一次提到了格魯吉亞。關(guān)于蘇聯(lián)的史書將格魯吉亞要么視為叛逆的俘虜，要么視為其最罪名昭著的國民約瑟夫斯大林的誕生地。最近出版的一系列書描述了格魯吉亞與俄羅斯在2008年展開的那場災(zāi)難性的短暫戰(zhàn)爭?，F(xiàn)在，倫敦大學(xué)的Donald Rayfield和馬薩諸塞州曼荷蓮女子學(xué)院的Stephen Jones為讀者描繪出這個復(fù)雜的國家恢弘而又全面的歷史。 　　The authors are among a handful of foreigners to have mastered Georgian. Part of the smalland ancient Kartvelian language family, it is related to no others, though some havefancifully claimed a distant cousinhood with Basque. Its roots are as obscure as the origins ofthose who speak it. Mr Rayfield starts around 1100BC, with the first mention in an Assyriansource of the Mushki. The first Georgian king, Parnavaz, was born in 326BC. 　　這兩名作者是少數(shù)幾個掌握格魯吉亞語的外國人。盡管有些人異想天開地宣稱格魯吉亞語和巴斯克語許久之前同系一源，但其實格魯吉亞語是卡特維利語族的一個古老的小分支，和其他語言都不相關(guān)。格魯吉亞語的起源和格魯吉亞人的起源一樣湮滅在歷史的塵埃中。Rayfield從公元前1100年左右開始寫起，亞敘的史書在那時第一次提到Mushki。第一個格魯吉亞國王Parnavaz誕生于公元前326年。 　　The scope of Georgian history may be a humbling shock for those who thought the countryappeared on the map only when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. But the reader needs totake a deep breath, for the next 200 pages could be mistaken at times for a stray appendixfrom J.R.R. Tolkien s The Lord of the Rings. The tersely told stories involve hundreds ofunknown but like-sounding people and places which appear and disappear in quicksuccession. The beheadings, castrations, sodomisations, rapes and eye-gougingsa localspecialitythat dot the pages are jolting. But a little more in the way of analogies, signposts,interpretation and characterisation would have lightened the mixture. 　　對于那些認為格魯吉亞在1991年蘇聯(lián)解體時才出現(xiàn)在地圖上的人來說，格魯吉亞歷史的源遠流長可能是個令人羞愧的發(fā)現(xiàn)。但是讀者需要深呼吸一下，因為之后的200頁有時候會被人誤以為是J.R.R.托爾金所著的《指環(huán)王》丟失的附錄。一個個用詞簡練的故事里有著成百上千個不知名卻聽起來都很像的人物和地點，這些名字快速地出現(xiàn)，又快速地消失。在這部分，不時出現(xiàn)的砍頭、閹割、雞奸、強奸和挖眼情節(jié)讓人看得觸目驚心。如果多點類比、線索、解釋和特征描述將會使這部分讀起來不那么沉重。 　　The most cheerful pages concern Georgia s golden agearound 1212 at the height of QueenTamar s reign. The country has never since been bigger, stronger or safer, stretching 800miles from what is now Trabzon in Turkey to the shores of the Caspian sea.Georgia s fortunes depend on the weakness or goodwill of its much larger neighbours:Russia to the north, Persia to the south-east, Turkey to the west. Mr Rayfield s powerfultheme is of brief periods of prosperity and security, ended by invasion, conquest, lootingand despoliation. Georgians have had to get used to rule by outsiders: they often outwitthem. Kremlin rule began with mass murder and ruinous economic planning, but in laterdecades Georgia was one of the most prosperous and enjoyable places to live in the SovietUnion. It was a similar story in the 19th century under Russian imperial rule. 　　在該書中，讀起來最讓人心情愉快的部分與格魯吉亞的黃金時代有關(guān)格魯吉亞的黃金時代在1212年左右塔瑪皇后執(zhí)政時期達到頂峰。那時的格魯吉亞的疆域最大、國力最強、局勢最穩(wěn)。其疆域綿延800英里，從現(xiàn)在位于土耳其的特拉布宗一直到里海的海岸。只有在那些比格魯吉亞大得多的鄰國處于衰弱時期，或者對格魯吉亞態(tài)度友好時，格魯吉亞才得以繁榮。這些鄰國有北部的俄羅斯，東南部的波斯以及西部的土耳其。在Rayfield宏大的著作中，格魯吉亞每次短暫的繁榮和穩(wěn)定后都是列強的侵略和肆意搶劫。格魯吉亞人不得不習(xí)慣于被外國人統(tǒng)治：但他們常常比統(tǒng)治者更聰明。蘇聯(lián)占領(lǐng)格魯吉亞初期展開大屠殺和毀滅性的計劃經(jīng)濟，但在隨后的幾十年里格魯吉亞是蘇聯(lián)最繁榮最適宜居住的地方。19世紀(jì)格魯吉亞被俄國君王統(tǒng)治時也是相似的情形。 　　Georgia s rulers own penchant for internal divisions and double-dealing has played a bigrole in prompting the country s many disasters. So too has the failure of faraway outsidepowers to reciprocate Georgia s pro-Western sentiments. The story of the years 1918-21,when the Georgian Democratic Republic made repeated vain appeals to Britain and otherWestern powers, before the Bolsheviks invaded, make poignant reading. They echoprevious episodes involving Georgian rulers entreaties to the Byzantine empire andVeniceand foretell, perhaps, the let-down that many Georgians felt when nobody came totheir aid in 2008. 　　格魯吉亞的許多災(zāi)難都是因為該國統(tǒng)治者喜歡內(nèi)部斗爭和耍兩面派造成的。遙遠的外部力量沒能回應(yīng)格魯吉亞親西方的感情也是因為這些統(tǒng)治者。1918至1921年間，格魯吉亞民主共和黨一次又一次向英國和其他西方列強求助無果，最后被布爾什維克侵略，這個故事讀起來讓人辛酸。這與該書之前講到的格魯吉亞統(tǒng)治者向拜占庭帝王和威尼斯求助的故事驚人地相似。這個故事也許還預(yù)示著2008年因為無人幫忙許多格魯吉亞人會品嘗到失望。 　　Mr Jones deals at book-length with the years covered by Mr Rayfield s final chapter. Georgia sdisastrous rebirth, amid economic collapse and civil war, gave way to a period of sleazystagnation under Eduard Shevardnadze, who had run the place in Soviet times and thenserved as Mikhail Gorbachev s foreign minister. 　　Jones的書涵蓋的年份和Rayfield的書中最后一章相同。先是格魯吉亞在經(jīng)濟崩潰和內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后充滿災(zāi)難的重生，隨后就是Eduard Shevardnadze領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的經(jīng)濟停滯。Eduard Shevardnadze在蘇聯(lián)時期管理格魯吉亞，后來成為米哈伊爾戈爾巴喬夫執(zhí)政時期蘇聯(lián)的外交部長。 　　Amid much useful detail, Mr Jones snipes at the record of Mikheil Saakashvili, who becamepresident after the Rose Revolution of 2003. His party narrowly lost the parliamentaryelection this year. To the surprise of those who saw Putinesque tendencies in his camp sauthoritarian approach, Mr Saakashvili s party has calmly conceded defeat. 　　Jones的書提供了很多有用的細節(jié)。其中的一個是米哈伊爾薩卡什維利的執(zhí)政履歷。薩卡什維利在2003年的玫瑰革命后成為總統(tǒng)。他所在的政黨在今年的議會選舉中惜敗。然而令那些認為該黨獨裁的統(tǒng)治方式越來越接近普京時，薩卡什維利所在的政黨平靜地承認了失敗。 　　That came too late for either book, which is a pity because it would offset many of MrJones s criticisms of Georgia s failure to meet his perhaps rather unrealistic standards ofvirtuous democracy. Much of the country outside the capital, Tbilisi, is still dreadfullypoor; institutions are imperfect; government pressure on the media and judiciary can beheavy-handed or even nastier. But for a place that was a failed state only 20 years ago theprogress is startling, especially given the near- constant pressure, subversion anddenigration from Russia. 　　可惜他的競選失利對于這兩本書而言都來地太晚了。如果這發(fā)生地再早些，就能推翻Jones對格魯吉亞沒能達到他可能相當(dāng)不實際的高尚民主標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的許多批評。首都第比利斯以外的許多地區(qū)仍然極度貧困;各類機構(gòu)問題百出;政府對媒體和司法的壓力很大，有時甚至?xí)捎孟铝鞯氖侄?。但對于一個20年前還被認為是失敗國家的地方來說，特別是考慮到該國幾乎一直受到俄羅斯的壓迫、暗中破壞和抹黑，其進步還是非常驚人的。 　　Mr Jones skates over the problems caused by Russia and underplays the real achievements ofthe Saakashvili years. These include bringing the country closer to the West, eliminating pettycorruption, for example in the customs service and the traffic police, modernising publicservices, attracting foreign investment and establishing an open if rough-hewn politicalsystem. Georgia is now a country where the opposition has a real chance of winning power,and all sides abide by the constitution. Readers of Mr Rayfield s book may feel that in thepast 2,500 years Georgians have seldom had so much to be happy about. 　　Jones一筆帶過俄羅斯給格魯吉亞造成的問題，輕描淡寫薩卡什維利執(zhí)政時期取得的成就。這些成就包括使該國與西方關(guān)系更緊密，消滅了諸如在海關(guān)和交警的基層腐敗，使公共服務(wù)現(xiàn)代化，吸引外商投資，并創(chuàng)建了一個開放的、可能還不健全的政治體系。格魯吉亞的反對黨有可能贏得政權(quán)，而且所有各方都遵守憲法。Rayfield的讀者們可能覺得在過去的2500年，格魯吉亞人民從沒有像現(xiàn)在一樣有這么多值得高興的事。 　　詞語解釋 　　1.attempt to 嘗試，企圖 　　As nations attempt to grow into economies likejapan, losses will only increase. 　　隨著相關(guān)國家試圖成長為類似日本這樣的經(jīng)濟體，損失只會有增無減。 　　Only mammals attempt to preserve every life. 　　只有哺乳動物會試圖保護每一條生命。 　　2.relate to 涉及;同有關(guān)系 　　It s not clear what bonds the new sec charges relate to. 　　目前尚不清楚SEC的最新指控涉及哪些債券。 　　Share something I can relate to. 　　分享一些與我的興趣有關(guān)的東西。 　　3.depend on 依賴;相信;信賴 　　Final project costs will depend on the route selected. 　　最終的項目成本將取決于所選擇的路線。 　　Few non-profits pay well and many depend on volunteers. 　　沒有幾個非營利機構(gòu)工資豐厚，很多還要依靠志愿者。 　　4.live in 居住在 　　She and elon live in los angeles. 　　她和埃隆住在洛杉磯。 　　Mess up your data: we live in a messy world. 　　打亂數(shù)據(jù)，推倒重來：我們住在一個混亂的世界。

　　2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語中占了40分，所以考研英語閱讀是英語科目中重要的一項。名師老師曾建議過考研生需要堅持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語的主要材料來源.希望考研考生認真閱讀，快速提高考研英語閱讀水平。 　　Georgia s history 　　格魯吉亞的歷史 　　Bad location 　　糟糕的位置 　　Despite its unhappy history and dire geography,Georgia is doing well 　　雖然歷史坎坷，位置糟糕，格魯吉亞現(xiàn)在做得不錯 　　Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. By DonaldRayfield. 　　《帝國的邊緣：格魯吉亞的歷史》。作者：Donald Rayfield。 　　Georgia: A Political History since Independence. 　　《格魯吉亞：自獨立開始的政治歷史》。作者：Stephen Jones。 　　TO MOST outsiders Georgian history is a closed book. Indeed for English-speakers there arepractically no books at all. Georgia mostly features on the edges of other peoples histories.Xenophon, describing Greek mercenaries attempts to get home in 400BC, wrote the firstdescription of it. Books about the Soviet Union highlight Georgia s role as a rebelliouscaptive and as the birthplace of Josef Stalin, its most infamous son. A flurry of recentaccounts describe the brief, disastrous war with Russia in 2008. Now Donald Rayfield of theUniversity of London and Stephen Jones of Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts havewritten ambitious and comprehensive histories of a complex country. 　　大多數(shù)非格魯吉亞人對格魯吉亞的歷史一無所知。實際上基本沒有一本關(guān)于格魯吉亞歷史的書籍是用英語寫的。大多數(shù)情況下，格魯吉亞只能在別國歷史的邊邊角角里看到。公元前400年，描述希臘雇傭兵為回家而努力的色諾芬第一次提到了格魯吉亞。關(guān)于蘇聯(lián)的史書將格魯吉亞要么視為叛逆的俘虜，要么視為其最罪名昭著的國民約瑟夫斯大林的誕生地。最近出版的一系列書描述了格魯吉亞與俄羅斯在2008年展開的那場災(zāi)難性的短暫戰(zhàn)爭?，F(xiàn)在，倫敦大學(xué)的Donald Rayfield和馬薩諸塞州曼荷蓮女子學(xué)院的Stephen Jones為讀者描繪出這個復(fù)雜的國家恢弘而又全面的歷史。 　　The authors are among a handful of foreigners to have mastered Georgian. Part of the smalland ancient Kartvelian language family, it is related to no others, though some havefancifully claimed a distant cousinhood with Basque. Its roots are as obscure as the origins ofthose who speak it. Mr Rayfield starts around 1100BC, with the first mention in an Assyriansource of the Mushki. The first Georgian king, Parnavaz, was born in 326BC. 　　這兩名作者是少數(shù)幾個掌握格魯吉亞語的外國人。盡管有些人異想天開地宣稱格魯吉亞語和巴斯克語許久之前同系一源，但其實格魯吉亞語是卡特維利語族的一個古老的小分支，和其他語言都不相關(guān)。格魯吉亞語的起源和格魯吉亞人的起源一樣湮滅在歷史的塵埃中。Rayfield從公元前1100年左右開始寫起，亞敘的史書在那時第一次提到Mushki。第一個格魯吉亞國王Parnavaz誕生于公元前326年。 　　The scope of Georgian history may be a humbling shock for those who thought the countryappeared on the map only when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. But the reader needs totake a deep breath, for the next 200 pages could be mistaken at times for a stray appendixfrom J.R.R. Tolkien s The Lord of the Rings. The tersely told stories involve hundreds ofunknown but like-sounding people and places which appear and disappear in quicksuccession. The beheadings, castrations, sodomisations, rapes and eye-gougingsa localspecialitythat dot the pages are jolting. But a little more in the way of analogies, signposts,interpretation and characterisation would have lightened the mixture. 　　對于那些認為格魯吉亞在1991年蘇聯(lián)解體時才出現(xiàn)在地圖上的人來說，格魯吉亞歷史的源遠流長可能是個令人羞愧的發(fā)現(xiàn)。但是讀者需要深呼吸一下，因為之后的200頁有時候會被人誤以為是J.R.R.托爾金所著的《指環(huán)王》丟失的附錄。一個個用詞簡練的故事里有著成百上千個不知名卻聽起來都很像的人物和地點，這些名字快速地出現(xiàn)，又快速地消失。在這部分，不時出現(xiàn)的砍頭、閹割、雞奸、強奸和挖眼情節(jié)讓人看得觸目驚心。如果多點類比、線索、解釋和特征描述將會使這部分讀起來不那么沉重。 　　The most cheerful pages concern Georgia s golden agearound 1212 at the height of QueenTamar s reign. The country has never since been bigger, stronger or safer, stretching 800miles from what is now Trabzon in Turkey to the shores of the Caspian sea.Georgia s fortunes depend on the weakness or goodwill of its much larger neighbours:Russia to the north, Persia to the south-east, Turkey to the west. Mr Rayfield s powerfultheme is of brief periods of prosperity and security, ended by invasion, conquest, lootingand despoliation. Georgians have had to get used to rule by outsiders: they often outwitthem. Kremlin rule began with mass murder and ruinous economic planning, but in laterdecades Georgia was one of the most prosperous and enjoyable places to live in the SovietUnion. It was a similar story in the 19th century under Russian imperial rule. 　　在該書中，讀起來最讓人心情愉快的部分與格魯吉亞的黃金時代有關(guān)格魯吉亞的黃金時代在1212年左右塔瑪皇后執(zhí)政時期達到頂峰。那時的格魯吉亞的疆域最大、國力最強、局勢最穩(wěn)。其疆域綿延800英里，從現(xiàn)在位于土耳其的特拉布宗一直到里海的海岸。只有在那些比格魯吉亞大得多的鄰國處于衰弱時期，或者對格魯吉亞態(tài)度友好時，格魯吉亞才得以繁榮。這些鄰國有北部的俄羅斯，東南部的波斯以及西部的土耳其。在Rayfield宏大的著作中，格魯吉亞每次短暫的繁榮和穩(wěn)定后都是列強的侵略和肆意搶劫。格魯吉亞人不得不習(xí)慣于被外國人統(tǒng)治：但他們常常比統(tǒng)治者更聰明。蘇聯(lián)占領(lǐng)格魯吉亞初期展開大屠殺和毀滅性的計劃經(jīng)濟，但在隨后的幾十年里格魯吉亞是蘇聯(lián)最繁榮最適宜居住的地方。19世紀(jì)格魯吉亞被俄國君王統(tǒng)治時也是相似的情形。 　　Georgia s rulers own penchant for internal divisions and double-dealing has played a bigrole in prompting the country s many disasters. So too has the failure of faraway outsidepowers to reciprocate Georgia s pro-Western sentiments. The story of the years 1918-21,when the Georgian Democratic Republic made repeated vain appeals to Britain and otherWestern powers, before the Bolsheviks invaded, make poignant reading. They echoprevious episodes involving Georgian rulers entreaties to the Byzantine empire andVeniceand foretell, perhaps, the let-down that many Georgians felt when nobody came totheir aid in 2008. 　　格魯吉亞的許多災(zāi)難都是因為該國統(tǒng)治者喜歡內(nèi)部斗爭和耍兩面派造成的。遙遠的外部力量沒能回應(yīng)格魯吉亞親西方的感情也是因為這些統(tǒng)治者。1918至1921年間，格魯吉亞民主共和黨一次又一次向英國和其他西方列強求助無果，最后被布爾什維克侵略，這個故事讀起來讓人辛酸。這與該書之前講到的格魯吉亞統(tǒng)治者向拜占庭帝王和威尼斯求助的故事驚人地相似。這個故事也許還預(yù)示著2008年因為無人幫忙許多格魯吉亞人會品嘗到失望。 　　Mr Jones deals at book-length with the years covered by Mr Rayfield s final chapter. Georgia sdisastrous rebirth, amid economic collapse and civil war, gave way to a period of sleazystagnation under Eduard Shevardnadze, who had run the place in Soviet times and thenserved as Mikhail Gorbachev s foreign minister. 　　Jones的書涵蓋的年份和Rayfield的書中最后一章相同。先是格魯吉亞在經(jīng)濟崩潰和內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后充滿災(zāi)難的重生，隨后就是Eduard Shevardnadze領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的經(jīng)濟停滯。Eduard Shevardnadze在蘇聯(lián)時期管理格魯吉亞，后來成為米哈伊爾戈爾巴喬夫執(zhí)政時期蘇聯(lián)的外交部長。 　　Amid much useful detail, Mr Jones snipes at the record of Mikheil Saakashvili, who becamepresident after the Rose Revolution of 2003. His party narrowly lost the parliamentaryelection this year. To the surprise of those who saw Putinesque tendencies in his camp sauthoritarian approach, Mr Saakashvili s party has calmly conceded defeat. 　　Jones的書提供了很多有用的細節(jié)。其中的一個是米哈伊爾薩卡什維利的執(zhí)政履歷。薩卡什維利在2003年的玫瑰革命后成為總統(tǒng)。他所在的政黨在今年的議會選舉中惜敗。然而令那些認為該黨獨裁的統(tǒng)治方式越來越接近普京時，薩卡什維利所在的政黨平靜地承認了失敗。 　　That came too late for either book, which is a pity because it would offset many of MrJones s criticisms of Georgia s failure to meet his perhaps rather unrealistic standards ofvirtuous democracy. Much of the country outside the capital, Tbilisi, is still dreadfullypoor; institutions are imperfect; government pressure on the media and judiciary can beheavy-handed or even nastier. But for a place that was a failed state only 20 years ago theprogress is startling, especially given the near- constant pressure, subversion anddenigration from Russia. 　　可惜他的競選失利對于這兩本書而言都來地太晚了。如果這發(fā)生地再早些，就能推翻Jones對格魯吉亞沒能達到他可能相當(dāng)不實際的高尚民主標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的許多批評。首都第比利斯以外的許多地區(qū)仍然極度貧困;各類機構(gòu)問題百出;政府對媒體和司法的壓力很大，有時甚至?xí)捎孟铝鞯氖侄?。但對于一個20年前還被認為是失敗國家的地方來說，特別是考慮到該國幾乎一直受到俄羅斯的壓迫、暗中破壞和抹黑，其進步還是非常驚人的。 　　Mr Jones skates over the problems caused by Russia and underplays the real achievements ofthe Saakashvili years. These include bringing the country closer to the West, eliminating pettycorruption, for example in the customs service and the traffic police, modernising publicservices, attracting foreign investment and establishing an open if rough-hewn politicalsystem. Georgia is now a country where the opposition has a real chance of winning power,and all sides abide by the constitution. Readers of Mr Rayfield s book may feel that in thepast 2,500 years Georgians have seldom had so much to be happy about. 　　Jones一筆帶過俄羅斯給格魯吉亞造成的問題，輕描淡寫薩卡什維利執(zhí)政時期取得的成就。這些成就包括使該國與西方關(guān)系更緊密，消滅了諸如在海關(guān)和交警的基層腐敗，使公共服務(wù)現(xiàn)代化，吸引外商投資，并創(chuàng)建了一個開放的、可能還不健全的政治體系。格魯吉亞的反對黨有可能贏得政權(quán)，而且所有各方都遵守憲法。Rayfield的讀者們可能覺得在過去的2500年，格魯吉亞人民從沒有像現(xiàn)在一樣有這么多值得高興的事。 　　詞語解釋 　　1.attempt to 嘗試，企圖 　　As nations attempt to grow into economies likejapan, losses will only increase. 　　隨著相關(guān)國家試圖成長為類似日本這樣的經(jīng)濟體，損失只會有增無減。 　　Only mammals attempt to preserve every life. 　　只有哺乳動物會試圖保護每一條生命。 　　2.relate to 涉及;同有關(guān)系 　　It s not clear what bonds the new sec charges relate to. 　　目前尚不清楚SEC的最新指控涉及哪些債券。 　　Share something I can relate to. 　　分享一些與我的興趣有關(guān)的東西。 　　3.depend on 依賴;相信;信賴 　　Final project costs will depend on the route selected. 　　最終的項目成本將取決于所選擇的路線。 　　Few non-profits pay well and many depend on volunteers. 　　沒有幾個非營利機構(gòu)工資豐厚，很多還要依靠志愿者。 　　4.live in 居住在 　　She and elon live in los angeles. 　　她和埃隆住在洛杉磯。 　　Mess up your data: we live in a messy world. 　　打亂數(shù)據(jù)，推倒重來：我們住在一個混亂的世界。