如何在英文寫(xiě)作中避免性別的歧視？

2.盡量使用那些包括兩性在內(nèi)的詞，即無(wú)性別之分的詞(gender-free words),

例如: child， teacher， officer(警官)，people， worker, immigrant(移民),voter(投票者，選民), coach(教練)，church member(教友), sale rep(推銷員)，grand parent(外/祖父或祖母)，leader， evening student, employee (雇員)，testee(考生，應(yīng)試者)，engineer，customers(顧客), dealer(交易者，商人)，clerk(職員，辦事員)，civilian(平民)，scientist, operator(接線員，辦事員)，patriot(愛(ài)國(guó)者)，person, planner(策劃者，計(jì)劃者)， politician(政客), producer(生產(chǎn)者、制造者)， tutor(家庭教師,導(dǎo)師，[美國(guó)]助教)，reporter，writer，chief executive(首席行政長(zhǎng)官)，everybody, expert等.

3、如非特指男性或女性，盡量用同義詞或近義詞替換含有-girl, -woman, -wife, -man后綴的詞，例如：

calendar girl(月份牌上的美女像)-calendar model 掛歷模特call girl(應(yīng)召女郎)prostitute妓女cover girl(雜志封面女郎)cover model封面模特flag girl(女司旗手)flag bearer司旗手,執(zhí)旗員flower girl(賣(mài)花女)flower seller賣(mài)花人housewife(家庭主婦)house worker(家務(wù)工人)

midwife(接生婆)birth attendant(助產(chǎn)士)

showgirl(舞女,歌女)dancer(伴舞者)

chairman(主席)chair, head(主席，頭頭)

ring man(賭/賽馬者)bettor; gambler(賭馬者,賭博者)

seaman(海員，水兵)sailor; navigator; mariner pilot, captain 水手，航海者，船員，領(lǐng)航員，船長(zhǎng)spokesman (發(fā)言人) -speaker; representative, voice; press agent 發(fā)言人，代表，right-hand man(得力助手) right hand; deputy; assistant; helper 得力助手，副手，助理，助手

4.寫(xiě)信時(shí)，如果不知道收信人的性別，最好不要使用傳統(tǒng)的Dear Sir; Dear Gentleman， Dear Madam. 可以選用下列之一：

1) Dear friends of the library(親愛(ài)的圖書(shū)館的朋友們)

2)Dear Madams and Sirs(親愛(ài)的女士們及先生們)

3) Dear Personnel Officer(親愛(ài)的人事處長(zhǎng)) 4)Dear Committee Member(親愛(ài)的委員)

5)Dear Citizen(親愛(ài)的公民) 6)Dear Customer(親愛(ài)的顧客)

7) Dear Councilor(親愛(ài)的參議員，或顧問(wèn))

8)Dear Agent(親愛(ài)的代辦)

9)Dear Director(親愛(ài)的廠長(zhǎng)或局長(zhǎng);主任;)

5.盡量少引用含有通性詞man; men的引語(yǔ)，如果非引用不可，下列處理辦法可供選擇:

1)不直接引用，把引語(yǔ)進(jìn)行釋義

Sexist： W. Phillips said: The best use of laws is to teach people to trample bed laws under their feet. Revised： W. Phillips suggested that the best use of law is to teach people to trample bad ones under their feet. W菲利普斯說(shuō)：行使法律的最好辦法是教導(dǎo)人們把不好的法律踩在腳下。

2)使用[sic](原文如此)讓讀者意識(shí)到原文中的man使用得不大恰當(dāng)。

例如: w. Phillips said： The best used laws is to teach men[sic] to trample bad ones under their feet.

3)對(duì)上述引語(yǔ)，也可只引用其中的一部分

例如：W. Phillips said the best use of laws was to teach people to trample bad laws under their feet。

我們贊同Rosalie Maggio所講的話：

It is also necessary to acknowledge that there can be no solution to the problem of sexism in society on the level of language alone. Using the word secretary inclusively, for example, does not change the fact that only 1.6% of American secretaries are men. Using director instead of directress does not mean a woman will necessarily enjoy the same opportunities today a man might.

2.盡量使用那些包括兩性在內(nèi)的詞，即無(wú)性別之分的詞(gender-free words),

例如: child， teacher， officer(警官)，people， worker, immigrant(移民),voter(投票者，選民), coach(教練)，church member(教友), sale rep(推銷員)，grand parent(外/祖父或祖母)，leader， evening student, employee (雇員)，testee(考生，應(yīng)試者)，engineer，customers(顧客), dealer(交易者，商人)，clerk(職員，辦事員)，civilian(平民)，scientist, operator(接線員，辦事員)，patriot(愛(ài)國(guó)者)，person, planner(策劃者，計(jì)劃者)， politician(政客), producer(生產(chǎn)者、制造者)， tutor(家庭教師,導(dǎo)師，[美國(guó)]助教)，reporter，writer，chief executive(首席行政長(zhǎng)官)，everybody, expert等.

3、如非特指男性或女性，盡量用同義詞或近義詞替換含有-girl, -woman, -wife, -man后綴的詞，例如：

calendar girl(月份牌上的美女像)-calendar model 掛歷模特call girl(應(yīng)召女郎)prostitute妓女cover girl(雜志封面女郎)cover model封面模特flag girl(女司旗手)flag bearer司旗手,執(zhí)旗員flower girl(賣(mài)花女)flower seller賣(mài)花人housewife(家庭主婦)house worker(家務(wù)工人)

midwife(接生婆)birth attendant(助產(chǎn)士)

showgirl(舞女,歌女)dancer(伴舞者)

chairman(主席)chair, head(主席，頭頭)

ring man(賭/賽馬者)bettor; gambler(賭馬者,賭博者)

seaman(海員，水兵)sailor; navigator; mariner pilot, captain 水手，航海者，船員，領(lǐng)航員，船長(zhǎng)spokesman (發(fā)言人) -speaker; representative, voice; press agent 發(fā)言人，代表，right-hand man(得力助手) right hand; deputy; assistant; helper 得力助手，副手，助理，助手

4.寫(xiě)信時(shí)，如果不知道收信人的性別，最好不要使用傳統(tǒng)的Dear Sir; Dear Gentleman， Dear Madam. 可以選用下列之一：

1) Dear friends of the library(親愛(ài)的圖書(shū)館的朋友們)

2)Dear Madams and Sirs(親愛(ài)的女士們及先生們)

3) Dear Personnel Officer(親愛(ài)的人事處長(zhǎng)) 4)Dear Committee Member(親愛(ài)的委員)

5)Dear Citizen(親愛(ài)的公民) 6)Dear Customer(親愛(ài)的顧客)

7) Dear Councilor(親愛(ài)的參議員，或顧問(wèn))

8)Dear Agent(親愛(ài)的代辦)

9)Dear Director(親愛(ài)的廠長(zhǎng)或局長(zhǎng);主任;)

5.盡量少引用含有通性詞man; men的引語(yǔ)，如果非引用不可，下列處理辦法可供選擇:

1)不直接引用，把引語(yǔ)進(jìn)行釋義

Sexist： W. Phillips said: The best use of laws is to teach people to trample bed laws under their feet. Revised： W. Phillips suggested that the best use of law is to teach people to trample bad ones under their feet. W菲利普斯說(shuō)：行使法律的最好辦法是教導(dǎo)人們把不好的法律踩在腳下。

2)使用[sic](原文如此)讓讀者意識(shí)到原文中的man使用得不大恰當(dāng)。

例如: w. Phillips said： The best used laws is to teach men[sic] to trample bad ones under their feet.

3)對(duì)上述引語(yǔ)，也可只引用其中的一部分

例如：W. Phillips said the best use of laws was to teach people to trample bad laws under their feet。

我們贊同Rosalie Maggio所講的話：

It is also necessary to acknowledge that there can be no solution to the problem of sexism in society on the level of language alone. Using the word secretary inclusively, for example, does not change the fact that only 1.6% of American secretaries are men. Using director instead of directress does not mean a woman will necessarily enjoy the same opportunities today a man might.