閱讀理解的考綱透析和應(yīng)試策略
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試中閱讀理解占總分的40%,要求在35分鐘內(nèi)完成。其形式是閱讀數(shù)篇短文,每篇閱讀量為250300詞左右。共計(jì)20個(gè)多項(xiàng)選擇題。短文的體裁以敘述文、議論文、說(shuō)明文為主。敘述文描述人或事的發(fā)生和發(fā)展經(jīng)過(guò),或者描述人或事及相關(guān)情景。說(shuō)明文是對(duì)事物現(xiàn)象的說(shuō)明或解釋。議論文論證某一觀點(diǎn)是否正確,由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)與結(jié)論構(gòu)成。短文的題材廣泛,包括:社會(huì)生活、科普知識(shí)、歷史、地理、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文學(xué)等。閱讀理解部分主要考察考生的以下能力:`
1 正確理解英文原文;
2 掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意;
3 了解用于闡述主旨和大意的事實(shí)和有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié);
4 根據(jù)上下文判斷詞匯和短語(yǔ)的具體含義;
5 既能理解單句的意思,也能理解上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系;
6 根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行一定的判斷和推理;
7 領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。
因此,要想理想地通過(guò)閱讀理解部分,考生必須提高自己的閱讀速度,提高通過(guò)閱讀獲取信息的能力。這就要求考生在具備一定詞匯和固定短語(yǔ)量、熟悉語(yǔ)法的基礎(chǔ)上,拓寬知識(shí)面,熟悉各種題材和體裁的文章。此外,考生還必須掌握有關(guān)閱讀的基本技巧:
技巧1 通過(guò)上下文猜測(cè)詞義是提高閱讀速度的重要手段之一。它包括:
①利用某一生詞前后出現(xiàn)的其他單詞或整個(gè)句子的意思來(lái)猜測(cè)生詞。
②利用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)來(lái)猜測(cè)生詞。
③利用說(shuō)明詞義的定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)猜測(cè)生詞。
④利用生詞后面的同位語(yǔ)來(lái)猜測(cè)不熟悉的詞。
⑤學(xué)會(huì)只猜測(cè)生詞的大概意思,而不去追求其準(zhǔn)確定義。
技巧2 善于分析和理解句子的內(nèi)在關(guān)系。分析和理解句子的內(nèi)在關(guān)系,能準(zhǔn)確判斷句子的含意,提高閱讀能力。遇到較長(zhǎng)復(fù)合句時(shí),首先要找出表達(dá)句子主要意思的部分,如:
?、俣禾?hào)之后的句子像which ,that ,who等關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的從句通常是對(duì)前面的某個(gè)名詞和句子作進(jìn)一步解釋和說(shuō)明的。
?、谠诙陶Z(yǔ)或句子前后都有逗號(hào)時(shí),可以把這一部分遮蓋起來(lái)不要管它,再來(lái)重讀句子,句子主謂結(jié)構(gòu)就會(huì)突然變得清楚而又明朗了。
?、哿硗庠诰渥虞^長(zhǎng)找不到主語(yǔ)時(shí),可以先找出謂語(yǔ)來(lái),然后就可確定在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前和句子主語(yǔ)核心名詞后面的部分為該核心名詞的后置定語(yǔ),這樣問(wèn)題就迎刃而解了。
④利用句子中的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和反映句子內(nèi)在關(guān)系的關(guān)鍵詞或詞組來(lái)分析理解句子。如:not onlyfromas a result of ;instead等。
技巧3 閱讀過(guò)程中利用有用的語(yǔ)言信號(hào)進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)
要成為一個(gè)有效率的閱讀者,我們還要善于發(fā)現(xiàn)和識(shí)別有用的語(yǔ)言信號(hào),如:讀到thus這個(gè)單詞時(shí),我們就會(huì)期待著一個(gè)結(jié)果或結(jié)論,而見(jiàn)到however、but時(shí),我們就會(huì)知道隨之而出現(xiàn)的必定是一種和上文不同的情況。because、result ...from引導(dǎo)原因 on the other hand表示對(duì)比such as 表示舉例consequently表示結(jié)果furthermore表示提供進(jìn)一步的信息;in fact表示進(jìn)一步地說(shuō)明和解釋;similarly表示相似on the contrary指一件事的相反方面;eventually表示最終的結(jié)果等。
二、應(yīng)試策略
1.解題步驟
關(guān)于閱讀理解,應(yīng)該先讀問(wèn)題還是先看文章一直存在著分歧。由于兩者各有利弊,而且每個(gè)人的閱讀習(xí)慣不同,因而我們可以針對(duì)不同的文章采取不同的解題步驟。通常有以下幾種方法:
1)先讀懂全文,然后做題,做題時(shí)如遇到困難再重讀有關(guān)的文字。這種方法的缺點(diǎn)在于第一遍閱讀時(shí),閱讀目的性不明確,該記住的一些事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)未留心注意,答題時(shí)不得不再去查找。
2)先讀問(wèn)題,然后帶著問(wèn)題讀文章。這種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于目的明確,知道考查重點(diǎn)所在,因此閱讀時(shí)就有側(cè)重點(diǎn),能節(jié)省解題時(shí)間。缺點(diǎn)在于,由于沒(méi)有讀過(guò)短文,不了解文章的主題、細(xì)節(jié)分布情況,因而可能不能很快找到所需信息。
3)首先快速通讀全文,對(duì)文章內(nèi)容形成總體印象。然后讀問(wèn)題,再把全文認(rèn)真讀一遍,最后回答問(wèn)題。這種方法避免了前兩種方法的缺點(diǎn),使考生在快速閱讀的過(guò)程中了解了文章的題材、主要結(jié)構(gòu),并對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)有所了解,這樣既提高了做題的準(zhǔn)確率,又能有效地利用時(shí)間。但此種方法對(duì)考生要求很高,要求考生閱讀速度要比較快。
2.對(duì)癥下藥
1)主旨型
任何一篇文章都有主旨,它是通過(guò)文章中各部分內(nèi)容及其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系體現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。主旨型問(wèn)題主要考查考生能否通過(guò)理解、分析全文,區(qū)分主要信息和次要信息,進(jìn)而總結(jié)歸納文章的大意。
確定文章主旨或段落大意的提問(wèn)方式主要有:
a. The main point of the passage is.
b. The passage deals mainly with.
c. The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is.
d. The main idea of the passage may be best expressed as.
e. The passage is mainly concerned with.
f. The passage illustrates.
g. The passage makes clear that.
h. The main subject of the passage is that.
j. Whats the main idea/subject/purpose/topic of the passage
k. The passage is about.
l. The most accurate of the following statements ,on the basis of the above paragraph ,is that.
m. The authors purpose in writing this passage is.
n. The paragraph could be entitled.
中心思想或主旨是一篇文章或一個(gè)段落的核心。但是不同作者表現(xiàn)主題思想的手法也不盡相同。為使讀者能夠直接了解文章的主要內(nèi)容,作者通常采用主題句的寫(xiě)作手法,即用一句或幾句話來(lái)直接表達(dá)主題。因此正確把握文章的主題句是解答這類(lèi)問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵。主題句一般結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單而且完整,一般不采用長(zhǎng)句子的形式,在句法上簡(jiǎn)潔明了。主題句意思完整、概括段中其他句子起解釋、支持或擴(kuò)展主題句所表述的中心思想的作用,這些句子叫做闡述句。一個(gè)段落由一個(gè)主題句和幾個(gè)闡述句構(gòu)成,所有闡述句必須緊密?chē)@主題句展開(kāi)。如果一篇短文包括幾個(gè)段落,那么每個(gè)段落的主題句都必須圍繞短文的主題句展開(kāi)。主題句在文中出現(xiàn)的位置不盡相同。在演繹性文章中,主題句一般位于開(kāi)頭部分,一開(kāi)始就明確主題,然后展開(kāi)討論和說(shuō)明。而在歸納性文章中,主題句常位于文章末尾,以加強(qiáng)文章的說(shuō)服力。還有的主題句位于中間部分,這種段落開(kāi)頭的一、兩句或幾句都是鋪敘,進(jìn)而引出主題。主題句之后仍有一定數(shù)量的句子陳述、論述或引申這一主題句。
例文:
A bus driver must answer questions while guiding a bus through heavy traffic. All day the driver answers the same questions without becoming angry. Every few minutes a bus driver has to ask passengers to step to the rear of the bus .In spite of traffic snarls and thoughtless passengers who cause delays, a bus driver is expected to cover his or her route on schedule.
The title of the passage should be ____.
A) Heavy Traffic
B) The Bus Driver
C) A Bus Driver Must Answer Questions
D) Driving a Bus is Hard Work
文中第一句話指出:當(dāng)交通擁擠的時(shí)候,汽車(chē)司機(jī)必須回答問(wèn)題。第二句為:汽車(chē)司機(jī)整天毫不生氣地回答同一個(gè)問(wèn)題。第三句為:每隔幾分鐘他必須讓顧客都到車(chē)后面去。最后一句為:盡管交通混亂給顧客造成了延誤,人們還是要求汽車(chē)司機(jī)按時(shí)走完路程。每句話都說(shuō)明汽車(chē)司機(jī)工作時(shí)面臨不同的問(wèn)題。縱觀全文我們可以知道,整篇文章都是說(shuō)明汽車(chē)司機(jī)工作的辛苦。選D。
2)推理型
閱讀的目的不僅在于只讀懂原文,還要求考生在理解原文直接陳述觀點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上,領(lǐng)悟作者的言外之意。這種題的答案一般不能直接在短文中找到。閱讀時(shí)要理解字里行間的含義,分析文章的大意和細(xì)節(jié),注意作者的措詞。根據(jù)提問(wèn)中的關(guān)鍵字眼和短文中相應(yīng)的有關(guān)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析、歸納和邏輯推理,從而得出作者未說(shuō)明卻已在字里行間所暗含的意思和觀點(diǎn)。
推理型試題常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)方式有:
a. The author implies that.
b. It can be easily guessed that.
c. The author seems to be in favor of .
d. We can infer that.
e. We can learn from the passage that.
f. It can be concluded from the passage that.
g. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage
h. What does the article say about
i. The passage suggests that.
j. The author of the passage would most likely imply.
k. The author may probably agree with .
l. An inference which maybe made from the passage is.
m. From the last sentence we guess that.
n. It can be concluded that.
推理型問(wèn)題主要包括以下幾大類(lèi):對(duì)作者態(tài)度、語(yǔ)氣、風(fēng)格、傾向的推理,對(duì)作者意圖、主題思想的推理,對(duì)數(shù)字的推斷,對(duì)文中細(xì)節(jié)的推斷等。
?、籴槍?duì)作者態(tài)度、語(yǔ)氣、風(fēng)格、傾向的推理。
作者寫(xiě)文章時(shí),經(jīng)常持有某種態(tài)度或傾向。作者的語(yǔ)氣和態(tài)度往往并不直接在文章中寫(xiě)出來(lái)。有時(shí)通過(guò)全文的敘述,考生可以從文章中領(lǐng)悟作者的觀點(diǎn);有時(shí)可以通過(guò)對(duì)作者使用的詞匯的分析,來(lái)推斷出作者的態(tài)度和感情,例如作者對(duì)某一觀點(diǎn)是贊成還是反對(duì),是批評(píng)還是客觀陳述。
②對(duì)作者意圖、主題思想的推理。
考生可以利用確定中心思想的方法先確定短文的主題和大意,然后分析句子之間的關(guān)系,在全面理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上,推測(cè)出作者的寫(xiě)作意圖和目的。
?、蹖?duì)數(shù)字的推斷
考生要先在短文中找出問(wèn)題所涉及的數(shù)字和文字,然后根據(jù)題目要求對(duì)各數(shù)字進(jìn)行推算。考生應(yīng)注意,有的題目只要求找出相關(guān)的數(shù)字,有些題目則要做簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算。
?、軐?duì)文中細(xì)節(jié)的推斷。
作者為了說(shuō)明一個(gè)主題或者觀點(diǎn),肯定會(huì)做出一系列論述或解釋?zhuān)捎梅绞娇赡苁桥e例、論證、擺事實(shí)或講道理、提出問(wèn)題或者指出事件的原因等。這種題型常常集中對(duì)文章中某一點(diǎn)或幾點(diǎn)、某一方面或幾方面、某一部分或幾部分提出問(wèn)題?;卮疬@類(lèi)問(wèn)題時(shí),考生應(yīng)首先仔細(xì)閱讀原文以確定推理依據(jù)的范圍,然后按題意進(jìn)行推斷。
例文:
The early settlers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and in Virginia were drawn largely from the rural areas of England. Few actual paupers and few of the really rich were among them. Nevertheless, exclusively members of what today would be described as the rural middle -class did not people the colonists. Many settlers were so poor that they paid for passage across the Atlantic by selling their freedom for a given number of years; poverty forced others to leave their native lands for the New World against their will.
It can be inferred from the passage that some settlers were able to pay for travel to the New World by
A) disguising themselves as wealthy merchants
B) falsifying their ancestors wills
C) drawing and selling portraits of upper-class Europeans
D) working for other people for several years
對(duì)于該問(wèn)題,文章有提示,即文章的最后一個(gè)句子。我們可以從該句子中they paid for passage across the Atlantic by selling their freedom for a given number of years所包含的信息,推斷出這些人為了過(guò)大西洋需要去掙錢(qián),其方式就是為別人打工,出售自己的自由。故選D是正確的。
3)是非型
這類(lèi)題型主要測(cè)試考生對(duì)文章內(nèi)容是否真正看懂,并且理解得非常精確和全面。、、、四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中肯定有一個(gè)是錯(cuò)的,也就是說(shuō)與原文不符,或者在文中根本沒(méi)有提到。
這種題型的常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)方式主要有:
a. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage
b. Which of the following aspects ofis NOT mentioned in the passage
c. Which of the following statements is NOT true
d. Which of the following is NOT answered by
e. Which statement of the following is not accurate
f. Which of the following does the author NOT express
g. The author mentions all of the items listed below EXCEPT
h. Which of the following is NOT considered as
i. Which of the following is NOT included in the passage
j. Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage
k. Which of the following does the author NOT express
選擇這類(lèi)題型的正確答案時(shí),要把四個(gè)選項(xiàng)逐一與文中信息對(duì)照才能確定。一般可在做完其他題型后再做,因?yàn)樵诓檎移渌畔r(shí),可能會(huì)找到與是非題有關(guān)的信息,這樣可以節(jié)省時(shí)間。例文:
As the South was beginning to find itself after the American Civil War, the North, too, focused its interest on the lands below the Mason Dixon line. Northerners swarmed over the South,including journalists, agents of prospective investors, and speculators with plans for railroads, writers anxious to expose themselves to a new environment. One of these was Constance Fenimore Woolson ,a young woman from New Hampshire ,grandniece of James Fenimore Cooper ,who was like many Northerners ,was drawn to the unhappy South by affection ,compassion ,admiration ,or the charm of the life there .With her singular gift of minute observation and a talent for analysis ,her imagination lingered over the relics ,of the ancient South ,the quaintly emblazoned tablets and colonial tombs ,the wrecked old mansions that stood near by ,perhaps in ruined rice lands ,amid desolated fields and broken dikes .Such was the dwelling on the Georgia sea island that sidled and leaned in Jupiter
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as the kind of people who went to the South after the Civil War
A)investment agents
B)newspaper writers
C)railroad speculators
D)Northern statesmen
文中開(kāi)始指出北方人涌向南方,這些人包括:記者,投資代理人,準(zhǔn)備投資鐵路的投機(jī)商和急于投身新環(huán)境的作家。因此,A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都在文中提到,只有D選項(xiàng)是沒(méi)有提到的。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
4)詞匯型
閱讀理解中對(duì)詞匯的測(cè)試,主要是為了測(cè)試考生利用上下文判斷單詞或詞組在特定語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中確切含義的能力。
這種題型的常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)方式有:
a. In linethe wordmeans.
b. The wordin the passage means.
c. The word could best be replaced by.
d. According to the passage, the wordis known as.
e. From the passage, we can infer that the wordmeans.
f. Which of the following pairs are synonyms
g. As used in the passage, the phrasesuggests.
h. The wordroughly refers to.
i. The wordnearly means.
j. The expressionis closest to.