備戰(zhàn)高考：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法解析 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
一、概念
分詞作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)其實(shí)是同一成分用于兩種不同的句式中。具體地說(shuō)，主動(dòng)態(tài)句子中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就是被動(dòng)態(tài)句子中的主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。先了解賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則很容易了解主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：在英語(yǔ)(論壇)中，某些及物動(dòng)詞不僅需要賓語(yǔ)，而且還要求某個(gè)詞或詞組來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)，即表示賓語(yǔ)代表的人或物所發(fā)出的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)，這個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)稱為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。有些語(yǔ)法書(shū)把賓語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)稱為復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。
句型：及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)（n./pron.）+ 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（n./ adj./ adv./ to do/ -ing/ -ed/ 介詞短語(yǔ) 共7種表示法）
該句型若變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，即將賓語(yǔ)提到句首作主語(yǔ)，原主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)此時(shí)在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中起到補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的作用，所以改稱主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如：
A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen.（2003年全國(guó)卷）
此句中 smoking 是主語(yǔ) he的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，所以稱為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
A cook will be immediately fired if someone finds him smoking in the kitchen.
此句中 smoking 是賓語(yǔ) him 的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，所以稱為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
二、何時(shí)用現(xiàn)在分詞、何時(shí)用過(guò)去分詞作主語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)）補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
分詞作主語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)）補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，若主語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)）與分詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)；如果主語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)）與分詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)。例如：
He was heard singing in the next room.
He was singing. 主語(yǔ) he 與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)唱歌之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系, 故用現(xiàn)在分詞 singing。
One of the glasses was found broken.
One of the glasses was broken. 主語(yǔ) one of the glasses 與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)打破之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 故用過(guò)去分詞 broken。
Dont leave the water running while you brush your teeth.（2004年天津卷）
The water is running. 賓語(yǔ) the water 與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)淌之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞 running。
三、可以用分詞作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞
要會(huì)使用分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，必須記住哪些動(dòng)詞可以接分詞充當(dāng)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
1. 感官動(dòng)詞 feel，hear，listen to，see，watch，notice，observe，look at（一感二聽(tīng)五看）及 find 等既可以接現(xiàn)在分詞又可以接過(guò)去分詞充當(dāng)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：
If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air moving against your face.
The air can be felt moving against your face, if you wave your book in front of your face.
The next morning she found the man lying in bed, dead.
The next morning the man was found lying in bed, dead.
2．表示致使動(dòng)詞 get，have，leave 等既可以接現(xiàn)在分詞又可以接過(guò)去分詞充當(dāng)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
--Good morning. Can I help you?
--Id like to have the package weighed, madam.（MET89）
3. 表示意欲；命令的動(dòng)詞如 like，want，wish，order等常接過(guò)去分詞充當(dāng)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：
You must tell us exactly what you would like done. 你必須準(zhǔn)確地告訴我們?cè)撟鍪裁础?/p>
The father wants his daughter taught the piano. 這位父親想讓女兒學(xué)鋼琴。
I wish it done quickly. 我希望很快將此事做完。
注意：set，start，catch 常跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，make 常跟過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：
set sb. thinking, start sb. coughing,
He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket of a passenger.（2004年北京春季卷）
The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself heard. （NMET91）
典例精析：
1. I smell something ___________ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? （2007全國(guó)I）
A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt
答案：A。
解析：smell something burning聞著什么東西在燃燒而發(fā)出糊味強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。burning 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。something burnt 燒焦了的東西表示一種狀態(tài)。所以選 A。
2. After a knock at the door, the child heard his mothers voice ______ him. (2007年上海卷)
A. calling B. called C. being called D. to call
答案：A。
解析：hear sb. doing sth. 意為聽(tīng)到某人在做某事。動(dòng)詞+ing表示主動(dòng)，the child heard his mothers voice calling him表示孩子聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他母親喊他。hear sth. done 表示聽(tīng)見(jiàn)某事被做了。所以選 A。
3. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _____ in a short period. （2007年福建卷）
A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve
答案：A。
解析：have sth. done 表示使某事被做，have her written English improved 使她的書(shū)面英語(yǔ)得到提高。動(dòng)詞+ed 形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示被動(dòng)。have sb. doing sth. 意為使某人一直在做某事表主動(dòng)。have sb. do sth. 意為使某人做某事表主動(dòng)，do 前必須省略 to。所以選 A。
4. -- Did Peter fix the computer himself?
-- He ______, because he doesnt know much about computers. (2007安徽)
A. has it fixed B. had fixed it C. had it fixed D. fixed it
答案：C。
解析：have sth. done 表示使某事被做或請(qǐng)別人做某事，動(dòng)詞+ed 形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示被動(dòng)。由 because he doesnt know much about computers 可判斷出，他找別人維修了電腦。所以選 C。
一、概念
分詞作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)其實(shí)是同一成分用于兩種不同的句式中。具體地說(shuō)，主動(dòng)態(tài)句子中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就是被動(dòng)態(tài)句子中的主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。先了解賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則很容易了解主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：在英語(yǔ)(論壇)中，某些及物動(dòng)詞不僅需要賓語(yǔ)，而且還要求某個(gè)詞或詞組來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)，即表示賓語(yǔ)代表的人或物所發(fā)出的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)，這個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)稱為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。有些語(yǔ)法書(shū)把賓語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)稱為復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。
句型：及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)（n./pron.）+ 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（n./ adj./ adv./ to do/ -ing/ -ed/ 介詞短語(yǔ) 共7種表示法）
該句型若變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，即將賓語(yǔ)提到句首作主語(yǔ)，原主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)此時(shí)在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中起到補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的作用，所以改稱主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如：
A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen.（2003年全國(guó)卷）
此句中 smoking 是主語(yǔ) he的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，所以稱為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
A cook will be immediately fired if someone finds him smoking in the kitchen.
此句中 smoking 是賓語(yǔ) him 的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，所以稱為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
二、何時(shí)用現(xiàn)在分詞、何時(shí)用過(guò)去分詞作主語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)）補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
分詞作主語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)）補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，若主語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)）與分詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)；如果主語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)）與分詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)。例如：
He was heard singing in the next room.
He was singing. 主語(yǔ) he 與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)唱歌之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系, 故用現(xiàn)在分詞 singing。
One of the glasses was found broken.
One of the glasses was broken. 主語(yǔ) one of the glasses 與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)打破之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 故用過(guò)去分詞 broken。
Dont leave the water running while you brush your teeth.（2004年天津卷）
The water is running. 賓語(yǔ) the water 與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)淌之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞 running。
三、可以用分詞作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞
要會(huì)使用分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，必須記住哪些動(dòng)詞可以接分詞充當(dāng)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
1. 感官動(dòng)詞 feel，hear，listen to，see，watch，notice，observe，look at（一感二聽(tīng)五看）及 find 等既可以接現(xiàn)在分詞又可以接過(guò)去分詞充當(dāng)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：
If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air moving against your face.
The air can be felt moving against your face, if you wave your book in front of your face.
The next morning she found the man lying in bed, dead.
The next morning the man was found lying in bed, dead.
2．表示致使動(dòng)詞 get，have，leave 等既可以接現(xiàn)在分詞又可以接過(guò)去分詞充當(dāng)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
--Good morning. Can I help you?
--Id like to have the package weighed, madam.（MET89）
3. 表示意欲；命令的動(dòng)詞如 like，want，wish，order等常接過(guò)去分詞充當(dāng)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：
You must tell us exactly what you would like done. 你必須準(zhǔn)確地告訴我們?cè)撟鍪裁础?/p>
The father wants his daughter taught the piano. 這位父親想讓女兒學(xué)鋼琴。
I wish it done quickly. 我希望很快將此事做完。
注意：set，start，catch 常跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，make 常跟過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：
set sb. thinking, start sb. coughing,
He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket of a passenger.（2004年北京春季卷）
The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself heard. （NMET91）
典例精析：
1. I smell something ___________ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? （2007全國(guó)I）
A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt
答案：A。
解析：smell something burning聞著什么東西在燃燒而發(fā)出糊味強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。burning 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。something burnt 燒焦了的東西表示一種狀態(tài)。所以選 A。
2. After a knock at the door, the child heard his mothers voice ______ him. (2007年上海卷)
A. calling B. called C. being called D. to call
答案：A。
解析：hear sb. doing sth. 意為聽(tīng)到某人在做某事。動(dòng)詞+ing表示主動(dòng)，the child heard his mothers voice calling him表示孩子聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他母親喊他。hear sth. done 表示聽(tīng)見(jiàn)某事被做了。所以選 A。
3. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _____ in a short period. （2007年福建卷）
A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve
答案：A。
解析：have sth. done 表示使某事被做，have her written English improved 使她的書(shū)面英語(yǔ)得到提高。動(dòng)詞+ed 形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示被動(dòng)。have sb. doing sth. 意為使某人一直在做某事表主動(dòng)。have sb. do sth. 意為使某人做某事表主動(dòng)，do 前必須省略 to。所以選 A。
4. -- Did Peter fix the computer himself?
-- He ______, because he doesnt know much about computers. (2007安徽)
A. has it fixed B. had fixed it C. had it fixed D. fixed it
答案：C。
解析：have sth. done 表示使某事被做或請(qǐng)別人做某事，動(dòng)詞+ed 形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示被動(dòng)。由 because he doesnt know much about computers 可判斷出，他找別人維修了電腦。所以選 C。
