高考語法：陳述句與疑問句由直接引語變間接引語的方法

　　引用別人的話一般有兩種方式，一種是直接述別人的原話，并把它放在引號內(nèi)，這叫直接引語;另一種是用自己的話來轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，并且不能用引號，這就是間接引語。間接引語在許多情況下構(gòu)成賓語從句。

　　1. 直接引語為陳述句時如何變?yōu)殚g接引語的方法

　　將直接引語變?yōu)橛蓆hat引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后(that也可省略)。如：

　　He said, I want to buy a dictionary.

　　He said (that) he wanted to buy a dictionary.

　　注：(1) 若引述動詞用的是say to sb這樣的句型，則通常改為tell sb：

　　I hope you can come, he said to me.

　　He told me that he hoped I could go.

　　(2) 若直接引語是兩個并列的陳述句，要注意在第二個賓語從句前加連詞that：

　　He said, I am tired and I want to have a rest.

　　He said that he was tired and that he wanted to have a rest.

　　在此種情況下，引導(dǎo)第一個賓語從句的that有時可以省略，但引導(dǎo)第二個賓語從句的that通常不省略，以免誤解。

　　2. 直接引語為一般疑問句時如何變?yōu)殚g接引語的方法

　　將直接引語變?yōu)橛蒳f 或 whether 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后：

　　Have you been there? he asked.

　　He asked if I had been there.

　　注：(1) 改為賓語從句的間接引語要用陳述句詞序。

　　(2) 若直接引語的引述動詞為say，改成間接引語應(yīng)將其改為ask等：

　　Do you like it? he said.

　　He asked if [whether] I liked it.

　　3. 直接引語為特殊疑問句時如何變?yōu)殚g接引語的方法

　　將直接引語變?yōu)橛梢蓡栐~引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后：

　　He said, Jim, when is the next train?

　　He asked Jim when the next train was.

　　注：(1) 改為賓語從句的間接引語要用陳述句詞序。

　　(2) 若直接引語的引述動詞為say，改成間接引語應(yīng)將其改為ask等：

　　He said, Where is the station?

　　He asked where the station was.

　　4. 直接引語變間接引語的五點(diǎn)變化

　　(1) 時態(tài)的變化。直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，若主句為過去時態(tài)，變?yōu)殚g接引語的賓語從句通常要將時態(tài)往后推一個，即：一般現(xiàn)在時變?yōu)橐话氵^去時，一般將來時變?yōu)檫^去將來時，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時變?yōu)檫^去進(jìn)行時，現(xiàn)在完成時變?yōu)檫^去完成時，一般過去時變?yōu)檫^去完成時(若直接引語為過去完成時，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，可以不變)，情態(tài)動詞 can, may 等分別變?yōu)?could, might 等。如：

　　It will rain soon, he said.

　　He said that it would rain that night.

　　She can speak French, he said.

　　He said that she could speak French.

　　注：① 若直接引語為客觀真理，則變?yōu)殚g接引語時時態(tài)不變。如：

　　The teacher said, The earth turns around the sun.

　　The teacher said that the earth turns around the sun.

　?、?有時直接引語有特定的過去時間狀語，變?yōu)殚g接引語時時態(tài)可不變。如：

　　He said, My son was born in 1995.

　　He said that his son was born in 1995.

　　(2) 時間狀語的變化。直接引語變間接引語時，有些時間狀語也要相應(yīng)的改動：

　　now 現(xiàn)在

　　then 那時，當(dāng)時

　　today 今天

　　that day 那天

　　tonight 今晚

　　that night 那天晚上

　　this week (month, year) 本周(本月,今年)

　　that week (month, year) 上周(上個月，去年)

　　yesterday 昨天

　　the day before 前一天

　　the day before yesterday 前天

　　two days before 前兩天

　　last week (month, year) 上周(上個月,去年)

　　the week (month, year) before 前一周(前一個月，前一年)

　　two days (years) ago 兩天(年)前

　　two days (years) before 兩天前

　　tomorrow 明天

　　the next day 第二天

　　next week (month, year) 下周(下個月,明年)

　　the next week (month, year) 第二個星期(月，年)

　　He said, She left yesterday.

　　He said that she had left the day before.

　　She said, Ill tell you tomorrow.

　　She said that she would tell me the next day.

　　He said, It happened two days ago.

　　He said that it had happened two days before.

　　注：以上變化有時應(yīng)視情況而定，若在當(dāng)時轉(zhuǎn)述，now不必改為then;若在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，today, yesterday, tomorrow等不必改為that day, the day before, the next day等;若在當(dāng)周轉(zhuǎn)述，this week, last week 不必改為that week, the last week;若在當(dāng)年轉(zhuǎn)述，this year, last year 不必改為that year, the last year等。

　　(3) 代詞的變化。在直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，有些代詞也要作相應(yīng)的變化，如指示代詞this和these通常變?yōu)閠hat和those。有時人稱代詞也要根據(jù)情況作適當(dāng)調(diào)整。如：

　　I like these better than she does, he said to me.

　　He told me that he liked those better than she did.

　　注：若場所和地點(diǎn)不發(fā)生改變，this和that也可不變。

　　(4) 地點(diǎn)狀語的變化。主要涉及的地點(diǎn)狀語是here，它在間接引語中通常要變?yōu)閠here：

　　I live here now, he said.

　　He said that he lived there then.

　　【注】若在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，則here也可不改為there。

　　(5) 動詞的變化。直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，有個別動詞也可能需要改變，如 come 改為 go，bring 改為 take 等：

　　He will come here today, she said.

　　She said that he would go there that day.

　　注：若地點(diǎn)和場所未發(fā)生改變，come和bring等也可不變。

　　引用別人的話一般有兩種方式，一種是直接述別人的原話，并把它放在引號內(nèi)，這叫直接引語;另一種是用自己的話來轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，并且不能用引號，這就是間接引語。間接引語在許多情況下構(gòu)成賓語從句。

　　1. 直接引語為陳述句時如何變?yōu)殚g接引語的方法

　　將直接引語變?yōu)橛蓆hat引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后(that也可省略)。如：

　　He said, I want to buy a dictionary.

　　He said (that) he wanted to buy a dictionary.

　　注：(1) 若引述動詞用的是say to sb這樣的句型，則通常改為tell sb：

　　I hope you can come, he said to me.

　　He told me that he hoped I could go.

　　(2) 若直接引語是兩個并列的陳述句，要注意在第二個賓語從句前加連詞that：

　　He said, I am tired and I want to have a rest.

　　He said that he was tired and that he wanted to have a rest.

　　在此種情況下，引導(dǎo)第一個賓語從句的that有時可以省略，但引導(dǎo)第二個賓語從句的that通常不省略，以免誤解。

　　2. 直接引語為一般疑問句時如何變?yōu)殚g接引語的方法

　　將直接引語變?yōu)橛蒳f 或 whether 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后：

　　Have you been there? he asked.

　　He asked if I had been there.

　　注：(1) 改為賓語從句的間接引語要用陳述句詞序。

　　(2) 若直接引語的引述動詞為say，改成間接引語應(yīng)將其改為ask等：

　　Do you like it? he said.

　　He asked if [whether] I liked it.

　　3. 直接引語為特殊疑問句時如何變?yōu)殚g接引語的方法

　　將直接引語變?yōu)橛梢蓡栐~引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后：

　　He said, Jim, when is the next train?

　　He asked Jim when the next train was.

　　注：(1) 改為賓語從句的間接引語要用陳述句詞序。

　　(2) 若直接引語的引述動詞為say，改成間接引語應(yīng)將其改為ask等：

　　He said, Where is the station?

　　He asked where the station was.

　　引用別人的話一般有兩種方式，一種是直接述別人的原話，并把它放在引號內(nèi)，這叫直接引語;另一種是用自己的話來轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，并且不能用引號，這就是間接引語。間接引語在許多情況下構(gòu)成賓語從句。

　　1. 直接引語為陳述句時如何變?yōu)殚g接引語的方法

　　將直接引語變?yōu)橛蓆hat引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后(that也可省略)。如：

　　He said, I want to buy a dictionary.

　　He said (that) he wanted to buy a dictionary.

　　注：(1) 若引述動詞用的是say to sb這樣的句型，則通常改為tell sb：

　　I hope you can come, he said to me.

　　He told me that he hoped I could go.

　　(2) 若直接引語是兩個并列的陳述句，要注意在第二個賓語從句前加連詞that：

　　He said, I am tired and I want to have a rest.

　　He said that he was tired and that he wanted to have a rest.

　　在此種情況下，引導(dǎo)第一個賓語從句的that有時可以省略，但引導(dǎo)第二個賓語從句的that通常不省略，以免誤解。

　　2. 直接引語為一般疑問句時如何變?yōu)殚g接引語的方法

　　將直接引語變?yōu)橛蒳f 或 whether 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后：

　　Have you been there? he asked.

　　He asked if I had been there.

　　注：(1) 改為賓語從句的間接引語要用陳述句詞序。

　　(2) 若直接引語的引述動詞為say，改成間接引語應(yīng)將其改為ask等：

　　Do you like it? he said.

　　He asked if [whether] I liked it.

　　3. 直接引語為特殊疑問句時如何變?yōu)殚g接引語的方法

　　將直接引語變?yōu)橛梢蓡栐~引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后：

　　He said, Jim, when is the next train?

　　He asked Jim when the next train was.

　　注：(1) 改為賓語從句的間接引語要用陳述句詞序。

　　(2) 若直接引語的引述動詞為say，改成間接引語應(yīng)將其改為ask等：

　　He said, Where is the station?

　　He asked where the station was.

　　4. 直接引語變間接引語的五點(diǎn)變化

　　(1) 時態(tài)的變化。直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，若主句為過去時態(tài)，變?yōu)殚g接引語的賓語從句通常要將時態(tài)往后推一個，即：一般現(xiàn)在時變?yōu)橐话氵^去時，一般將來時變?yōu)檫^去將來時，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時變?yōu)檫^去進(jìn)行時，現(xiàn)在完成時變?yōu)檫^去完成時，一般過去時變?yōu)檫^去完成時(若直接引語為過去完成時，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，可以不變)，情態(tài)動詞 can, may 等分別變?yōu)?could, might 等。如：

　　It will rain soon, he said.

　　He said that it would rain that night.

　　She can speak French, he said.

　　He said that she could speak French.

　　注：① 若直接引語為客觀真理，則變?yōu)殚g接引語時時態(tài)不變。如：

　　The teacher said, The earth turns around the sun.

　　The teacher said that the earth turns around the sun.

　?、?有時直接引語有特定的過去時間狀語，變?yōu)殚g接引語時時態(tài)可不變。如：

　　He said, My son was born in 1995.

　　He said that his son was born in 1995.

　　(2) 時間狀語的變化。直接引語變間接引語時，有些時間狀語也要相應(yīng)的改動：

　　now 現(xiàn)在

　　then 那時，當(dāng)時

　　today 今天

　　that day 那天

　　tonight 今晚

　　that night 那天晚上

　　this week (month, year) 本周(本月,今年)

　　that week (month, year) 上周(上個月，去年)

　　yesterday 昨天

　　the day before 前一天

　　the day before yesterday 前天

　　two days before 前兩天

　　last week (month, year) 上周(上個月,去年)

　　the week (month, year) before 前一周(前一個月，前一年)

　　two days (years) ago 兩天(年)前

　　two days (years) before 兩天前

　　tomorrow 明天

　　the next day 第二天

　　next week (month, year) 下周(下個月,明年)

　　the next week (month, year) 第二個星期(月，年)

　　He said, She left yesterday.

　　He said that she had left the day before.

　　She said, Ill tell you tomorrow.

　　She said that she would tell me the next day.

　　He said, It happened two days ago.

　　He said that it had happened two days before.

　　注：以上變化有時應(yīng)視情況而定，若在當(dāng)時轉(zhuǎn)述，now不必改為then;若在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，today, yesterday, tomorrow等不必改為that day, the day before, the next day等;若在當(dāng)周轉(zhuǎn)述，this week, last week 不必改為that week, the last week;若在當(dāng)年轉(zhuǎn)述，this year, last year 不必改為that year, the last year等。

　　(3) 代詞的變化。在直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，有些代詞也要作相應(yīng)的變化，如指示代詞this和these通常變?yōu)閠hat和those。有時人稱代詞也要根據(jù)情況作適當(dāng)調(diào)整。如：

　　I like these better than she does, he said to me.

　　He told me that he liked those better than she did.

　　注：若場所和地點(diǎn)不發(fā)生改變，this和that也可不變。

　　(4) 地點(diǎn)狀語的變化。主要涉及的地點(diǎn)狀語是here，它在間接引語中通常要變?yōu)閠here：

　　I live here now, he said.

　　He said that he lived there then.

　　【注】若在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，則here也可不改為there。

　　(5) 動詞的變化。直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，有個別動詞也可能需要改變，如 come 改為 go，bring 改為 take 等：

　　He will come here today, she said.

　　She said that he would go there that day.

　　注：若地點(diǎn)和場所未發(fā)生改變，come和bring等也可不變。

　　引用別人的話一般有兩種方式，一種是直接述別人的原話，并把它放在引號內(nèi)，這叫直接引語;另一種是用自己的話來轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，并且不能用引號，這就是間接引語。間接引語在許多情況下構(gòu)成賓語從句。

　　1. 直接引語為陳述句時如何變?yōu)殚g接引語的方法

　　將直接引語變?yōu)橛蓆hat引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后(that也可省略)。如：

　　He said, I want to buy a dictionary.

　　He said (that) he wanted to buy a dictionary.

　　注：(1) 若引述動詞用的是say to sb這樣的句型，則通常改為tell sb：

　　I hope you can come, he said to me.

　　He told me that he hoped I could go.

　　(2) 若直接引語是兩個并列的陳述句，要注意在第二個賓語從句前加連詞that：

　　He said, I am tired and I want to have a rest.

　　He said that he was tired and that he wanted to have a rest.

　　在此種情況下，引導(dǎo)第一個賓語從句的that有時可以省略，但引導(dǎo)第二個賓語從句的that通常不省略，以免誤解。

　　2. 直接引語為一般疑問句時如何變?yōu)殚g接引語的方法

　　將直接引語變?yōu)橛蒳f 或 whether 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后：

　　Have you been there? he asked.

　　He asked if I had been there.

　　注：(1) 改為賓語從句的間接引語要用陳述句詞序。

　　(2) 若直接引語的引述動詞為say，改成間接引語應(yīng)將其改為ask等：

　　Do you like it? he said.

　　He asked if [whether] I liked it.

　　3. 直接引語為特殊疑問句時如何變?yōu)殚g接引語的方法

　　將直接引語變?yōu)橛梢蓡栐~引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后：

　　He said, Jim, when is the next train?

　　He asked Jim when the next train was.

　　注：(1) 改為賓語從句的間接引語要用陳述句詞序。

　　(2) 若直接引語的引述動詞為say，改成間接引語應(yīng)將其改為ask等：

　　He said, Where is the station?

　　He asked where the station was.