透析中考英語主謂一致考點(diǎn)
語法概說
主謂一致命題趨勢與預(yù)測
根據(jù)對主謂一致部分全國各地試題的分析可知，今后該部分將是重點(diǎn)考查點(diǎn)之一。其考查重點(diǎn)為：
1、主謂一致的語法一致原則
2、主謂一致的整體一致原則
3、主謂一致的就近一致原則
4、主謂一致的意義一致原則
5、主謂一致的附加原則
考點(diǎn)詮釋
一、由or, either... or... , neither... nor... , not only...but also... , whether...or...等連接并列主語時,常采用就近原則,動詞與最靠近的主語保持一致。
考例Not only Jim but also his sister ______a few cities in the south since they came to China．[臨沂市]
A．will visit B. has visited C．have visited D ．visited
[答案]B ．[解析]本題既考查時態(tài)，又考查并列連詞not only．．．but also的用法。由時間狀語since they came to China，可判斷用現(xiàn)在完成時，排除A、D兩項；not only．．．but also連接兩個并列的主語時，謂語動詞要用就近原則。
Neither Jim nor his cousins _______to America, but _____of them know the country very well. [07年濰坊市]
A．have been；a11 B. have been; both C has been; all D．has been; both
[答案]B．[解析]考查neither．．．nor的用法，以及both與all的區(qū)別。neithernor連接兩個主語時，謂語用就近原則，cousins是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用have been，排除C和D項；指兩者用both。
二、 the number of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞,主語是the number(數(shù)量),謂語動詞用單數(shù);a number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞,主語是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,a number of作定語, 相當(dāng)于many,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
考例Look! There _______ playing with the tourists on Yinhe Square. (2004包頭)
A. are a number of deer B. are a number of deers
C. is a number of deer D. is a number of deers
答案：A。該題考查的是主謂一致。這個句子的主語是a number of deer, 是個復(fù)數(shù)概念，因此謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。（deer單復(fù)數(shù)相同）
The number of ________ in our class ________ fifty. (2004山東煙臺)
A. student, is B. the students, are C. the students, is D. students, are
[答案]: C
[命題立意]：本題考查主謂一致的用法。
[試題解析]：the number of 后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，作主語時，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。故應(yīng)選C。
三、動詞不定式、動名詞以及名詞性從句作主語時,謂語動詞常用單數(shù)形式。
考例As the saying ________,Where there is a will; there is a way. [昆明市]
A. go B. goes C. going D. went
[答案]B．[解析] the saying為第三人稱單數(shù)形式，所以謂語動詞用goes。
但what從句作主語而表語是復(fù)數(shù)時,謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)。
What we badly need here are experienced teachers. 我們這里急需的是有經(jīng)驗的教師。
四、and連接的兩個單數(shù)名詞作主語。
考例Trees and flowers ________every year to make our country more beautiful. [陜西省]
A. is planted B. was planted C. are planted D. were planted
[答案]C．[解析] every year說明本句表示的是一般現(xiàn)在時的概念，去掉B、D項；trees and flowers表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)意義，所以選C項。
五、表示時間、距離、金錢、體積或數(shù)字等的詞語作主語且表示總量時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
考例
---How much ________the shoes?
---Five dollars_________ enough． [年青島市]
A．is；is B are；is C．a(chǎn)re；are D．is；are
[答案]B ．[解析] 答案為B。shoes作主語時，謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式；five dollars是一個整體，應(yīng)按單數(shù)對待。
How time flies! Ten years ________ passed. (2004天津)
A. have B. has C. is D. are
答案：B。該題考查的是主謂一致。Ten years通常被看作是一個時間整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
六、就近原則
--There__________ no milk in the fridge. Could you get some for me, Dick?
--All right, Mum. [福州市]
A. is B. are C. was D. were
[答案]A．[解析]本題考查there be句型中be的數(shù)及時態(tài)，be在數(shù)上要與最近的主語保持一致.句子的主語是不可數(shù)名詞，所以be應(yīng)使用單數(shù)形式，B、D兩項可以排除。
Not only Jim but also his sister ______a few cities in the south since they came to China．[07臨沂市]
A．will visit B. has visited C．have visited D ．visited
[答案]B ．[解析]本題既考查時態(tài)，又考查并列連詞not only．．．but also的用法。由時間狀語since they came to China，可判斷用現(xiàn)在完成時，排除A、D兩項；not only．．．but also連接兩個并列的主語時，謂語動詞要用就近原則。
Neither Jim nor his cousins _______to America, but _____of them know the country very well. [07年濰坊市]
A．have been；a11 B. have been; both C has been; all D．has been; both
[答案]B．[解析]考查neither．．．nor的用法，以及both與all的區(qū)別。neithernor連接兩個主語時，謂語用就近原則，cousins是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用have been，排除C和D項；指兩者用both。
語法回顧
主謂一致
1. 語法一致的原則
2. 意義一致的原則
3. 鄰近一致的原則
謂語受主語支配，須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這叫做主謂一致。主謂一致一般遵循三條原則：語法一致原則，意義一致原則和就近一致原則。
在英語中，謂語動詞必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上同主語保持一致，叫做主謂一致。通常采用下列三個原則來處理，即：語法形式一致的原則、邏輯意義一致的原則、就近（或毗鄰）一致的原則。
一、語法形式一致的原則，即在語法形式上取得一致。如：主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也采用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但須注意下列幾種情況：
1.以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 例如：
Much land has been deserted in this area in the past few years.在過去的幾年中，這個地區(qū)的許多土地已經(jīng)沙化。
To start smoking is quite easy, but to give it up needs courage.開始吸煙很容易，但是要戒煙卻需要勇氣。
Reading English newspapers is a good way of improving you English. 閱讀英文報紙是提高你英語水平的好方法。
What you need most is to have a good sleep.你所需要的就是好好睡一覺。
How you can get there is a problem. 你怎么到那兒去還是個問題。
[注意：]由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，后面的謂語動詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式。但若表語是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時，主句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù) 。例如：
What I bought were three English books.我買的是三本英語書。
What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.我所說的和做的對你是有幫助的。
2、由and 或both...and來連接并列主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
Swimming and walking are good exercises.游泳和散步都是好運(yùn)動。
He and I were classmates when we were at college.他和我在上大學(xué)時是同學(xué)。
Both John and Ann have got pen-friends.約翰和安都有筆友。
Both Zhou Lan and Yang Pei like sports.周蘭和楊蓓都愛好體育。
[注意]1）但是，并列主語如果表示同一個人、同一事物或同一概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式（這時and后的名詞前沒有冠詞）。例如：
The manager and secretary was absent at the meeting.經(jīng)理兼書記沒有出席會議。
The manager and the secretary are busy now.經(jīng)理和書記現(xiàn)在都很忙。
Their teacher and friend is Mr. Li.他們的老師和朋友是李先生。
2)由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別被no, each, every或many a ，more than one修飾時，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 例如：
In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.在我們國家里，每個男孩和女孩都有權(quán)利受教育。
Each man and each woman is asked to help. 每個男士和婦女都被請來幫忙。
Many a student is having practice in that factory. 許多學(xué)生正在那家工廠實習(xí)。
More than one student is interested in the book.不止一個學(xué)生對這本書感興趣。
[注意] 在more than one＋單數(shù)名詞作主語時，若在There be句型中，亦可用復(fù)數(shù)。 如：
There is/are more than one man here. 這兒不止一個人。
3、如果主語是單數(shù)，盡管后面跟有(together) with, as well as, like, but, except, besides，including, no less than, rather than ,as much as，more than，along with in addition to等介詞短語，其謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語為復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
An English teacher together with some students has climbed to the top of the mountain.一位英語老師和幾個學(xué)生已經(jīng)爬到了山頂。
Mary as well as her friends likes this painting.瑪麗和她的朋友都喜歡這幅畫。
No one except my close friends knows anything about this matter.除了我的親密朋友誰也不知道這件事。
The teacher with a number of students is in the classroom.老師和許多學(xué)生在教室里。www.4zk5u.com
She, like you and Tom, is very tall.像你和湯姆那樣她很高。
4、不定代詞each, either, neither 和由 some, any, no, every 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 例如：
Each (of us) takes a cup of coffee.(我們)每人喝一杯咖啡。
Everyone knows smoking cigarettes is bad for health.大家都知道吸煙不利于身體健康。
Nothing is to be done 沒有什么要干的事。
Everybody obeys the school rules; anybody who breaks the rules is punished.每個人必須遵守學(xué)校規(guī)則，任何人違反了規(guī)則將受到懲罰。
2）若后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數(shù)；若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。例如：
None of the sugar was left.沒有剩下什么糖了。
None of us has (have) been to America.我們中沒有人去過美國。
5.不定代詞none 以及由none/either/neither＋of＋復(fù)數(shù)合詞(或代詞)構(gòu)成的短語作主語時，謂語用單復(fù)數(shù)均可，這取決于說話人的意思。當(dāng)說話人著眼于每一個都不.......或兩個中的任何一個都不.......時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；當(dāng)說話者著眼于所有的都不.......或兩個中的全部都不.......時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
None know when that was. (強(qiáng)調(diào)所有的人) 沒人知道這是什么時候的事。
None is so good as he.(強(qiáng)調(diào)每一個人) 沒有人像他那么好。
None of them have / has a car.他們都沒有小汽車。（他們沒有一個人有小汽車。）
Neither of them know / knows the answer.他們兩個全都不知道答案。（他們兩個人誰也不知道答案。）
Neither of the article is (are ) interesting.其中沒有哪篇文章有趣。
Neither of them have replied. 他們兩個誰也沒有答復(fù)。
Neither of them has replied. 他們兩個誰也沒有答復(fù)。
5、在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞that，who，which等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)，應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如：
It sounded like a train which/that was going under my house.那聲音聽起來就像有一列火車從我的房子底下開過似的。
People who study the think that there will be another big one soon.研究地震的人認(rèn)為不久將還有一次大的地震。
The horse which is tied to the tree belongs to John.拴在樹上的那匹馬是約翰的。
Those who want to go on a journey please sign your name here.要去旅游的請把名字簽在這兒。
Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.被人類使用的一些能源來自太陽。
[注意]在以one of the＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞為先行詞的定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；但如果one of the＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞這個結(jié)構(gòu)前有the only之類的修飾語時，其從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 例如：
This is one of the questions that have been asked by the students.這是學(xué)生提出的許多問題的一個。
Bob is one of my friends who are helping me with English.鮑勃是幫助我英語的朋友之一。
He is the only one of the officers who was invited to the ball here. 他是辦公室唯一收到邀請參加舞會的人。
The head master is the only one of the teachers who knows Esperanton.校長是老師中唯一懂得世界語的人。
6、a lot of （lots of， plenty of， a head of， heaps of， the rest（majority） of ，some
?。╩any，anymore，most， all等）of＋+名詞構(gòu)成的短語作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與of后面的名詞（短語）保持一致。例如：
Some of us do not know much about the theatre.我們中有一些人還不太懂得戲劇。
Some (of the sugar) is wet. 有些(糖)是濕的。
Most of the students in our class are league. 我們班上大多數(shù)學(xué)生是團(tuán)員。
Most of the food tastes delicious. 大多數(shù)食物味道很好。
Half of the work is left unfinished.一半的工作沒有完成。
Half of the apples are given to the children.一半的蘋果送給孩子們。
Lots of damage was caused by smoking.許多損害是由吸煙引起的。
Plenty of English books are on the shelf.許多英語書在書架上。
注意：1）all單獨(dú)作主語表示人時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；表示整個事件或事情時，謂語用單數(shù)。 如：
All are present. 所有的人都出席了。(表人)
All is well. 一切都好。 (表示整個事情或情況)
2）a number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞 作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；The number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：
A large number of buildings were burnt down.許多樓房被毀了。
A number of students in our class are out by the lake.我們班有些學(xué)生到湖邊去了。
The number of students in our school is 2500.我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生人數(shù)是2500名。
The number of books on women published in China is growing.在中國，有關(guān)婦女書籍出版數(shù)目在增加。
The number of wagging dances per minute told the exact distance to the feeding place.每分鐘擺尾的次數(shù)表明了到喂食處的精確距離。
7、由分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of +名詞（或代詞）構(gòu)成的短語作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與of后面的名詞（短語）保持一致。例如：
