雅思閱讀判斷題的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)探討
雅思學(xué)術(shù)類考試作為準(zhǔn)備出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的一項(xiàng)成績(jī)，在很多學(xué)子的出國(guó)路上造成了不小的障礙。而閱讀部分一大難點(diǎn)是其變化多端、紛繁復(fù)雜的題型，這些題型粗粗地算來可以分為九大類：標(biāo)題對(duì)應(yīng)題、真假判斷題、總結(jié)題、簡(jiǎn)答題、句子完成題、圖表填空題、配對(duì)題、選擇題、流程圖題。在這些題型當(dāng)中，真假判斷題占到了將近40%。所以判斷題的做題好壞直接決定了考生在閱讀上的成績(jī)。
在是非無判斷題的考試中，考生要對(duì)試卷上所列出的一系列命題進(jìn)行判斷。如果這些陳述句是反映觀點(diǎn)或者態(tài)度的，那么考生的任務(wù)就是判斷這些句子是否和作者的觀點(diǎn)一致。在這種情況下，答案的選擇是YESNO或者是NOT GIVEN。如果這些陳述句表述的內(nèi)容是有關(guān)事實(shí)信息，那么考生就要判斷這些句子是否和文中的信息一致。在這種情況下，答案的選擇是TRUEFALSE或者是NOT GIVEN。這里要特別說明的是在考試中YESNONOT GIVEN和TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN只是考試形式的區(qū)別，在判斷方式上并沒有本質(zhì)區(qū)別。
一、判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
那么，我們需要拿什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來判斷我們的命題是否正確呢?現(xiàn)在有很多不同的說法，在多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，我總結(jié)出了這樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
TRUE或YES：所需判斷的陳述句中所有的考點(diǎn)詞匯和原文中的表達(dá)完全對(duì)應(yīng)。
FALSE或NO：所需判斷的陳述句中至少有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)詞匯和原文中的表達(dá)想矛盾。
NOT GIVEN：所需判斷的陳述句中在沒有錯(cuò)誤的前提之下，至少有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)詞匯文章沒有提到相關(guān)內(nèi)容。
用表格的形式表述如下：
二、實(shí)例分析
下面結(jié)合劍橋雅思4上面的具體題目來講解一下我的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
首先來解釋TRUE/YES的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：所需判斷的陳述句中所有的考點(diǎn)詞匯和原文中的表達(dá)完全對(duì)應(yīng)。從表述中可以看出，正確的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是唯一性的，只有在全部考點(diǎn)都正確的情況下，該命題才能被判斷為TRUE/YES。
Academic Test 1
Reading Passage 1
3.
題干：It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the pure science that they study at school.
原文：Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about pure science, curriculum science.
分析：此題答案為TRUE。從兩個(gè)句子表達(dá)中不難看出，兩句話都是針對(duì)children這同一對(duì)象，并且在觀點(diǎn)陳述中hold對(duì)應(yīng)harbour都作動(dòng)詞，表示包含，擁有, mistaken views對(duì)應(yīng)misconceptions,表示錯(cuò)誤的概念， that they study at school對(duì)應(yīng)curriculum science，在這里curriculum做名詞，表示學(xué)校課程的意思。
4.
題干：The fact that childrens ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them.
原文：These misconceptions do no remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification.
分析：雖然原文是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句，但從表達(dá)意思的主體上來看并沒有太大的改變。childrens ideas about science對(duì)應(yīng)these misconceptions，都指的兒童對(duì)于科學(xué)的認(rèn)識(shí)，只不過文章中表達(dá)為錯(cuò)誤的概念，form part of a larger framework of ideas對(duì)應(yīng)do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework，都表達(dá)了兒童的觀點(diǎn)形成了一個(gè)大的框架的觀點(diǎn)，區(qū)別就在于文章對(duì)這個(gè)框架作了一些詳細(xì)的描述，means that it is easier to change them對(duì)應(yīng)making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification，在這里，考點(diǎn)的對(duì)應(yīng)集中在了easier 正好對(duì)應(yīng)了文章中的more accessible, to change them對(duì)應(yīng)了modification.
7.
題干：The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at childrens understanding of rainforests.
原文：These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils views about the use and conservation of rainforest...
分析：在這里，關(guān)鍵的考點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)集中在了follows on from對(duì)應(yīng)了consistent，都表示一致的意思，a series of studies that have looked at childrens understanding of rainforests對(duì)應(yīng)了our previous studies of pupils views about the use and conservation of rainforest，同樣表示了之前已經(jīng)研究過的兒童對(duì)于熱帶雨林的觀點(diǎn)。
Academic Test 3
Reading Passage 1
12
題干：The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.
原文：All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans...generally the rates have been modest
分析：題干中表達(dá)the children have to pay back... more money than they borrowed對(duì)應(yīng)文章中All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans，全部計(jì)劃都要收利息，所以兒童必須還錢，并且有了利息的存在，所以兒童要還比他借的錢多的一部分的錢;并且，slightly對(duì)應(yīng)了modest, generally the rates have been modest，利率不多，并且比銀行的要低，所以只高出了一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。
Academic Test 4
Reading Passage 1
1.
題干：Modern official athletic records date from about 1900.
原文：Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records......
分析：about 1900對(duì)應(yīng)the early years of the twentieth century，Modern official athletic records date from對(duì)應(yīng)when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records
6.
題干：The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be recognised at a younger age.
原文：Over the past century,...but with increasing global participation in athletic-----and greater rewards to tempt athletes-----it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early.
分析：The growing international importance of athletics對(duì)應(yīng)with increasing global participation in athletic-----and greater rewards to tempt athletes, gifted athletes對(duì)應(yīng)individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance，recognised at a younger age對(duì)應(yīng)more likely...can be identified early.
從這些例子中可以看出，所有被判斷為正確的陳述表達(dá)無一例外的都和文章中的考點(diǎn)表達(dá)存在一一對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系。
接下來，來看看FALSE / NO的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：所需判斷的陳述句中至少有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)詞匯和原文中的表達(dá)想矛盾。無論其他的考點(diǎn)是什么結(jié)論，只需要其中有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的，那么這個(gè)命題的答案就是錯(cuò)誤的。
Academic Test 1
Reading Passage 1
1.
題干：The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the media.
原文：In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage......
分析：ignored與coverage矛盾，文章表達(dá)了媒體關(guān)注了雨林，而題干的表達(dá)卻是忽視，二者相矛盾，因此為錯(cuò)誤。
5.
題干：The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as are there any rainforests in Africa?
原文：Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions.
分析：題干中說的是一般疑問句的提問方式，而文章中給出的信息是five open-form questions，意思為特殊疑問詞提問的問題，相矛盾，鼓為錯(cuò)誤。
Academic Test 2
Reading Passage 1
10.
題干：The Navajo language will die out because it currently has too few speakers.
原文：Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have feweer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers.
分析：文章中給出的信息看出，Navajo is considered endangered可以和The Navajo language will die out對(duì)應(yīng)，但是文章中說的Navajo給出它有150,000個(gè)說話的人，從數(shù)量上來說并不少，而題干中說it currently has too few speakers相矛盾，故為錯(cuò)誤。
Academic Test 3
Reading Passage 1
9.
題干：Any street child can set up their own small business if give enough support.
原文：Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child.
分析：題干中說任何街道兒童都有機(jī)會(huì)建立他們自己的小生意，而原文中說成為企業(yè)家并不是每個(gè)人能做，也并不是每一個(gè)街道兒童能做，二者表述相互矛盾。
11.
題干：Only one fixed loan should be given to each child.
原文：The loan amount in S.K.I programs have generally ranged from US30-100.
分析：文章中給出信息貸款數(shù)量是可以變化的，但題干中的fixed loan是固定貸款的意思，相互矛盾。
從以上的例子中可以看出，命題表達(dá)中至少會(huì)有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)需要做出判斷，無論其他考點(diǎn)怎樣，只要我們能從中找出一個(gè)考點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的，那么該命題就是錯(cuò)誤的。
最后，我們來看看NOT GIVEN的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：所需判斷的陳述句中在沒有錯(cuò)誤的前提之下，至少有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)詞匯文章沒有提到相關(guān)內(nèi)容。從表述中可以看出，被判斷的命題中，首先不能有錯(cuò)誤的成分存在，因?yàn)橹灰霈F(xiàn)了錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)，那么該命題就是FALSE/NO了。只有在沒有錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)的情況下，至少有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)文章中沒有提到，那么該命題就可以被判斷為NOT GIVEN。而在考試中，有一種NOT GIVEN情況很好判斷，就是全文沒有找到相關(guān)內(nèi)容，那么就可以直接下結(jié)論了。看看下面的例子：
Academic Test 1
Reading Passage 1
6.
題干：Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforests destruction.
原文：More girls than boys raised the idea of rainforest as animal habitatsmore girls than boys said that rainforests provided human habitats.
分析：從原文的表達(dá)中可以找到題干的部分信息Girls are more likely than boys，但是后半部分信息在文章中沒有出現(xiàn)，所以該命題為NOT GIVEN。
8.
題干：A second study has been planned to investigate primary school childrens ideas about rainforests.
原文：One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children
分析：從題干和原文的表述中可以看出，二者并不存在對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，所以答案為NOT GIVEN。
Academic Test 2
Reading Passage 2
21.
題干：Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.
原文：Part of the incentive was financial, Dr. Laver said.The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar service.
分析：題干中的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)在于中醫(yī)的工資比其他醫(yī)生要高，而原文只陳述了從事中醫(yī)這一行的人很多是商人，他們?yōu)榱四芰糇☆櫩?，也想提供同樣的服?wù)，但并不能得出結(jié)論說中醫(yī)就比其他醫(yī)生工資高的結(jié)論，二者表述不相關(guān)，答案為NOT GIVEN。
Academic Test 3
Reading Passage 1
10.
題干：In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I.
原文：There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program
分析：題干中提到家庭需要獲得財(cái)政資助，但是文章中只是談到說能有父母或者監(jiān)護(hù)人的參與會(huì)有很多好處，并沒有提到說家庭需要財(cái)政資助的問題，二者并不相關(guān)，所以為NOT GIVEN。
從這些例子中可以看出，在判斷中，只要命題中沒有錯(cuò)誤信息出現(xiàn)，而同時(shí)又有考點(diǎn)在文章中找不到匹配的信息，那么該命題的答案就是NOT GIVEN。
雅思學(xué)術(shù)類考試作為準(zhǔn)備出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的一項(xiàng)成績(jī)，在很多學(xué)子的出國(guó)路上造成了不小的障礙。而閱讀部分一大難點(diǎn)是其變化多端、紛繁復(fù)雜的題型，這些題型粗粗地算來可以分為九大類：標(biāo)題對(duì)應(yīng)題、真假判斷題、總結(jié)題、簡(jiǎn)答題、句子完成題、圖表填空題、配對(duì)題、選擇題、流程圖題。在這些題型當(dāng)中，真假判斷題占到了將近40%。所以判斷題的做題好壞直接決定了考生在閱讀上的成績(jī)。
在是非無判斷題的考試中，考生要對(duì)試卷上所列出的一系列命題進(jìn)行判斷。如果這些陳述句是反映觀點(diǎn)或者態(tài)度的，那么考生的任務(wù)就是判斷這些句子是否和作者的觀點(diǎn)一致。在這種情況下，答案的選擇是YESNO或者是NOT GIVEN。如果這些陳述句表述的內(nèi)容是有關(guān)事實(shí)信息，那么考生就要判斷這些句子是否和文中的信息一致。在這種情況下，答案的選擇是TRUEFALSE或者是NOT GIVEN。這里要特別說明的是在考試中YESNONOT GIVEN和TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN只是考試形式的區(qū)別，在判斷方式上并沒有本質(zhì)區(qū)別。
一、判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
那么，我們需要拿什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來判斷我們的命題是否正確呢?現(xiàn)在有很多不同的說法，在多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，我總結(jié)出了這樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
TRUE或YES：所需判斷的陳述句中所有的考點(diǎn)詞匯和原文中的表達(dá)完全對(duì)應(yīng)。
FALSE或NO：所需判斷的陳述句中至少有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)詞匯和原文中的表達(dá)想矛盾。
NOT GIVEN：所需判斷的陳述句中在沒有錯(cuò)誤的前提之下，至少有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)詞匯文章沒有提到相關(guān)內(nèi)容。
用表格的形式表述如下：
二、實(shí)例分析
下面結(jié)合劍橋雅思4上面的具體題目來講解一下我的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
首先來解釋TRUE/YES的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：所需判斷的陳述句中所有的考點(diǎn)詞匯和原文中的表達(dá)完全對(duì)應(yīng)。從表述中可以看出，正確的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是唯一性的，只有在全部考點(diǎn)都正確的情況下，該命題才能被判斷為TRUE/YES。
Academic Test 1
Reading Passage 1
3.
題干：It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the pure science that they study at school.
原文：Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about pure science, curriculum science.
分析：此題答案為TRUE。從兩個(gè)句子表達(dá)中不難看出，兩句話都是針對(duì)children這同一對(duì)象，并且在觀點(diǎn)陳述中hold對(duì)應(yīng)harbour都作動(dòng)詞，表示包含，擁有, mistaken views對(duì)應(yīng)misconceptions,表示錯(cuò)誤的概念， that they study at school對(duì)應(yīng)curriculum science，在這里curriculum做名詞，表示學(xué)校課程的意思。
4.
題干：The fact that childrens ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them.
原文：These misconceptions do no remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification.
分析：雖然原文是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句，但從表達(dá)意思的主體上來看并沒有太大的改變。childrens ideas about science對(duì)應(yīng)these misconceptions，都指的兒童對(duì)于科學(xué)的認(rèn)識(shí)，只不過文章中表達(dá)為錯(cuò)誤的概念，form part of a larger framework of ideas對(duì)應(yīng)do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework，都表達(dá)了兒童的觀點(diǎn)形成了一個(gè)大的框架的觀點(diǎn)，區(qū)別就在于文章對(duì)這個(gè)框架作了一些詳細(xì)的描述，means that it is easier to change them對(duì)應(yīng)making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification，在這里，考點(diǎn)的對(duì)應(yīng)集中在了easier 正好對(duì)應(yīng)了文章中的more accessible, to change them對(duì)應(yīng)了modification.
7.
題干：The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at childrens understanding of rainforests.
原文：These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils views about the use and conservation of rainforest...
分析：在這里，關(guān)鍵的考點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)集中在了follows on from對(duì)應(yīng)了consistent，都表示一致的意思，a series of studies that have looked at childrens understanding of rainforests對(duì)應(yīng)了our previous studies of pupils views about the use and conservation of rainforest，同樣表示了之前已經(jīng)研究過的兒童對(duì)于熱帶雨林的觀點(diǎn)。
Academic Test 3
Reading Passage 1
12
題干：The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.
原文：All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans...generally the rates have been modest
分析：題干中表達(dá)the children have to pay back... more money than they borrowed對(duì)應(yīng)文章中All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans，全部計(jì)劃都要收利息，所以兒童必須還錢，并且有了利息的存在，所以兒童要還比他借的錢多的一部分的錢;并且，slightly對(duì)應(yīng)了modest, generally the rates have been modest，利率不多，并且比銀行的要低，所以只高出了一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。
Academic Test 4
Reading Passage 1
1.
題干：Modern official athletic records date from about 1900.
原文：Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records......
分析：about 1900對(duì)應(yīng)the early years of the twentieth century，Modern official athletic records date from對(duì)應(yīng)when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records
6.
題干：The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be recognised at a younger age.
原文：Over the past century,...but with increasing global participation in athletic-----and greater rewards to tempt athletes-----it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early.
分析：The growing international importance of athletics對(duì)應(yīng)with increasing global participation in athletic-----and greater rewards to tempt athletes, gifted athletes對(duì)應(yīng)individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance，recognised at a younger age對(duì)應(yīng)more likely...can be identified early.
從這些例子中可以看出，所有被判斷為正確的陳述表達(dá)無一例外的都和文章中的考點(diǎn)表達(dá)存在一一對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系。
接下來，來看看FALSE / NO的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：所需判斷的陳述句中至少有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)詞匯和原文中的表達(dá)想矛盾。無論其他的考點(diǎn)是什么結(jié)論，只需要其中有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的，那么這個(gè)命題的答案就是錯(cuò)誤的。
Academic Test 1
Reading Passage 1
1.
題干：The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the media.
原文：In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage......
分析：ignored與coverage矛盾，文章表達(dá)了媒體關(guān)注了雨林，而題干的表達(dá)卻是忽視，二者相矛盾，因此為錯(cuò)誤。
5.
題干：The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as are there any rainforests in Africa?
原文：Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions.
分析：題干中說的是一般疑問句的提問方式，而文章中給出的信息是five open-form questions，意思為特殊疑問詞提問的問題，相矛盾，鼓為錯(cuò)誤。
Academic Test 2
Reading Passage 1
10.
題干：The Navajo language will die out because it currently has too few speakers.
原文：Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have feweer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers.
分析：文章中給出的信息看出，Navajo is considered endangered可以和The Navajo language will die out對(duì)應(yīng)，但是文章中說的Navajo給出它有150,000個(gè)說話的人，從數(shù)量上來說并不少，而題干中說it currently has too few speakers相矛盾，故為錯(cuò)誤。
Academic Test 3
Reading Passage 1
9.
題干：Any street child can set up their own small business if give enough support.
原文：Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child.
分析：題干中說任何街道兒童都有機(jī)會(huì)建立他們自己的小生意，而原文中說成為企業(yè)家并不是每個(gè)人能做，也并不是每一個(gè)街道兒童能做，二者表述相互矛盾。
11.
題干：Only one fixed loan should be given to each child.
原文：The loan amount in S.K.I programs have generally ranged from US30-100.
分析：文章中給出信息貸款數(shù)量是可以變化的，但題干中的fixed loan是固定貸款的意思，相互矛盾。
從以上的例子中可以看出，命題表達(dá)中至少會(huì)有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)需要做出判斷，無論其他考點(diǎn)怎樣，只要我們能從中找出一個(gè)考點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的，那么該命題就是錯(cuò)誤的。
最后，我們來看看NOT GIVEN的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：所需判斷的陳述句中在沒有錯(cuò)誤的前提之下，至少有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)詞匯文章沒有提到相關(guān)內(nèi)容。從表述中可以看出，被判斷的命題中，首先不能有錯(cuò)誤的成分存在，因?yàn)橹灰霈F(xiàn)了錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)，那么該命題就是FALSE/NO了。只有在沒有錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)的情況下，至少有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)文章中沒有提到，那么該命題就可以被判斷為NOT GIVEN。而在考試中，有一種NOT GIVEN情況很好判斷，就是全文沒有找到相關(guān)內(nèi)容，那么就可以直接下結(jié)論了?？纯聪旅娴睦樱?/p>
Academic Test 1
Reading Passage 1
6.
題干：Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforests destruction.
原文：More girls than boys raised the idea of rainforest as animal habitatsmore girls than boys said that rainforests provided human habitats.
分析：從原文的表達(dá)中可以找到題干的部分信息Girls are more likely than boys，但是后半部分信息在文章中沒有出現(xiàn)，所以該命題為NOT GIVEN。
8.
題干：A second study has been planned to investigate primary school childrens ideas about rainforests.
原文：One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children
分析：從題干和原文的表述中可以看出，二者并不存在對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，所以答案為NOT GIVEN。
Academic Test 2
Reading Passage 2
21.
題干：Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.
原文：Part of the incentive was financial, Dr. Laver said.The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar service.
分析：題干中的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)在于中醫(yī)的工資比其他醫(yī)生要高，而原文只陳述了從事中醫(yī)這一行的人很多是商人，他們?yōu)榱四芰糇☆櫩?，也想提供同樣的服?wù)，但并不能得出結(jié)論說中醫(yī)就比其他醫(yī)生工資高的結(jié)論，二者表述不相關(guān)，答案為NOT GIVEN。
Academic Test 3
Reading Passage 1
10.
題干：In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I.
原文：There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program
分析：題干中提到家庭需要獲得財(cái)政資助，但是文章中只是談到說能有父母或者監(jiān)護(hù)人的參與會(huì)有很多好處，并沒有提到說家庭需要財(cái)政資助的問題，二者并不相關(guān)，所以為NOT GIVEN。
從這些例子中可以看出，在判斷中，只要命題中沒有錯(cuò)誤信息出現(xiàn)，而同時(shí)又有考點(diǎn)在文章中找不到匹配的信息，那么該命題的答案就是NOT GIVEN。
