雅思閱讀邏輯關(guān)系詞的閱讀功能

　　作者簡(jiǎn)介：王曉春，澳大利亞Deakin University，Monash University語(yǔ)言教學(xué)和商業(yè)信息系統(tǒng)雙碩士。澳大利亞Baxter Laboratory, Melbourne信息分析員，上海立信會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)院，上海大學(xué)英語(yǔ)講師，上海雅思閱讀主講。

　　雅思閱讀題型多變，考點(diǎn)在文中飄忽不定。但是作為國(guó)際化的學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)考試，自然有其嚴(yán)肅穩(wěn)定的考查目的和內(nèi)容，始終會(huì)把對(duì)英語(yǔ)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和行文規(guī)律的理解作為閱讀的一項(xiàng)基本要求重點(diǎn)考查。因此加強(qiáng)這方面的學(xué)習(xí)研究是從根本上提高應(yīng)試能力的途徑。本文僅從英語(yǔ)行文結(jié)構(gòu)中邏輯關(guān)系詞的作用及其閱讀功能這一具體方面作初步探討。

　　關(guān)于邏輯關(guān)系詞在閱讀中的作用，我們首先來(lái)看一段文字：

　　the discourse markers signal relationships: between different parts of the discourse the main reason for studying them is their usefulness in helping the reader to work out the meaning of difficult text. They often show the relationship the writer intends between two parts of the text, so if you can understand one part, the discourse marker is a possible key to the other part.

　　關(guān)于discourse marker，P.H.Matthews在其Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics 一書(shū)中是這樣描述的：Any of a variety of units whose function is within a larger discourse rather than an individual sentence or clause: e.g. but then in But then he might be late. discourse marker雖然范圍更加廣泛一些，但從以上文字不難看出，它包括了我們所熟悉的邏輯關(guān)系詞。也由此可見(jiàn)，特別重視形式邏輯和思維分析的英語(yǔ)行文，在詞語(yǔ)之間和句子之間往往會(huì)借助各種邏輯關(guān)系詞清楚表達(dá)思維邏輯和語(yǔ)意關(guān)系。因此了解和掌握邏輯關(guān)系詞可以幫助我們把握文章中語(yǔ)意的轉(zhuǎn)換和發(fā)展，理解文章重點(diǎn)表達(dá)的意思。

　　具體到雅思閱讀，邏輯關(guān)系詞在解題中體現(xiàn)出兩大功能 ：

　　一、語(yǔ)意推斷

　　語(yǔ)意推斷主要是運(yùn)用于重點(diǎn)題型之一的摘要題。具體是指根據(jù)空格所在句及前后句的邏輯關(guān)系詞，分析詞語(yǔ)之間，句子之間的語(yǔ)意關(guān)系，推斷出所缺單詞的大致含義。

　　例如：

　　1.劍4 / P77 / Q38

　　Some corpora include a wide range of language while others are used to focus on a particular linguistic feature.

　　根據(jù)while這個(gè)表示對(duì)比或轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系詞，可以判斷它前后部分是對(duì)比或反義關(guān)系。a wide range of language指的是語(yǔ)言研究的廣泛的各個(gè)方面，可以預(yù)判空格處應(yīng)是指具體的方面。

　　2.劍1 / P20 / Q4-5

　　The very first fire-lighting methods involved the creation of friction by, for example, rapidly rotating a wooden stick in a round hole.

　　根據(jù)介詞by和for example這個(gè)表示舉例的邏輯關(guān)系詞，可以預(yù)判第二個(gè)空格應(yīng)是和creation of friction的具體動(dòng)作有關(guān)的詞。

　　3.劍1 / P20 / Q6

　　The use of percussion or persistent chipping was also widespread in Europe

　　根據(jù)表示并列的邏輯關(guān)系詞or，可以判斷它前后部分是并列關(guān)系。Chipping是削，鑿的意思，可以預(yù)判空格處應(yīng)是類似意思的詞。

　　二、定位

　　根據(jù)對(duì)歷年真題的總結(jié)分析，雅思閱讀考試的一個(gè)重要規(guī)律是：題干中的句子之間，詞語(yǔ)之間的邏輯關(guān)系在原文中一般不變。這一規(guī)律使得邏輯關(guān)系詞可以有效地協(xié)助題干關(guān)鍵詞在原文中定位答案信息源。尤其在摘要題中這一方法使用頻率很高。

　　例如：

　　1.劍5 / P50 / Q30-31

　　題干：In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the technical vocabulary nor the grammatical resources to express their ideas.

　　原文：First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world

　　題干中出現(xiàn)的neithernor是連接兩個(gè)否定概念的并列邏輯關(guān)系詞。原文中對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)了完全相同的邏輯關(guān)系，即first, it lacked , second it lacked 。我們可根據(jù)這種對(duì)應(yīng)的邏輯關(guān)系在原文中快速定位答案信息源。

　　2.劍5 / P50 / Q33-34

　　題干：Although English was then overtaken by German, it developed again in the 19th century as a direct result of the industrial revolution.

　　原文：In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary.

　　題干中出現(xiàn)的兩種邏輯關(guān)系均在原文中對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)。一是表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的although, 對(duì)應(yīng)于原文中的however;二是表示因果關(guān)系的as a direct result of 對(duì)應(yīng)于原文中表因果的邏輯關(guān)系詞as。很顯然，這對(duì)于題干信息的定位意義重大。

　　3.劍5 / P70 / Q25-26

　　題干：To deal with this, Stanley suggests the use of artificial floods in the short term, and increasing the amount of water available through desalination in the longer term.

　　原文：In the immediate future, Stanley believes that one solution would be to make artificial floods to flush out the delta waterways, in the same way that natural floods did before the construction of the dams. He says, however, that in the long term an alternative process such as desalination may have to be used to increase the amount of water available.

　　題干中出現(xiàn)了表示遞進(jìn)的邏輯關(guān)系詞in the short term in the longer term ?？焖俨樽x原文，可定位于文中相同的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)in the immediate future in the long term 。

　　另外，對(duì)雅思真題文章進(jìn)行精讀訓(xùn)練的同學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，除了以上兩大功能之外，邏輯關(guān)系詞在原文中的位置還常常是命題考點(diǎn)最集中的地方。因此學(xué)習(xí)和掌握邏輯關(guān)系詞在閱讀中的功能和作用，將對(duì)提高答題的速度起關(guān)鍵性的作用。同時(shí)，能夠熟練運(yùn)用邏輯關(guān)系詞對(duì)于寫(xiě)出條理清楚，層次分明的雅思作文也大有幫助。

　　附：雅思考試中常見(jiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系詞

　　1.表示并列關(guān)系

　　likewise once again/once more in the same way similarly/similar to vice versa also/as well as not only but also both and neither nor like/just like as/just as equally namely or and

　　2.表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系

　　but/yet/whereas however otherwise in contrast conversely though/although nevertheless unlike in spite of despite on the contrary even if/even though

　　on the one hand , on the other hand instead not as as rather than even so vary different from differ from

　　while

　　3.表示舉例

　　for example/for instance/e.g. such as that is/namely/i.e.

　　in other words in general/in particular a case in point is especially specifically

　　4.表示因果關(guān)系

　　as a result as a consequence consequently so/therefore/thus then for this reason hence accordingly because/because of owing to thanks to on account of

　　since due to , for as this is why

　　5.表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系

　　and then as well as again another also/too in addition additionally additional besides moreover furthermore not only but also whats more

　　6.表示讓步關(guān)系

　　though/although while even though/even if nevertheless in spite of/despite admittedly

　　7. 表示總結(jié)

　　in a word in brief in short above all all in all on the whole in general to conclude/in conclusion to sum up/to summarize/in summary

　　作者簡(jiǎn)介：王曉春，澳大利亞Deakin University，Monash University語(yǔ)言教學(xué)和商業(yè)信息系統(tǒng)雙碩士。澳大利亞Baxter Laboratory, Melbourne信息分析員，上海立信會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)院，上海大學(xué)英語(yǔ)講師，上海雅思閱讀主講。

　　雅思閱讀題型多變，考點(diǎn)在文中飄忽不定。但是作為國(guó)際化的學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)考試，自然有其嚴(yán)肅穩(wěn)定的考查目的和內(nèi)容，始終會(huì)把對(duì)英語(yǔ)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和行文規(guī)律的理解作為閱讀的一項(xiàng)基本要求重點(diǎn)考查。因此加強(qiáng)這方面的學(xué)習(xí)研究是從根本上提高應(yīng)試能力的途徑。本文僅從英語(yǔ)行文結(jié)構(gòu)中邏輯關(guān)系詞的作用及其閱讀功能這一具體方面作初步探討。

　　關(guān)于邏輯關(guān)系詞在閱讀中的作用，我們首先來(lái)看一段文字：

　　the discourse markers signal relationships: between different parts of the discourse the main reason for studying them is their usefulness in helping the reader to work out the meaning of difficult text. They often show the relationship the writer intends between two parts of the text, so if you can understand one part, the discourse marker is a possible key to the other part.

　　關(guān)于discourse marker，P.H.Matthews在其Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics 一書(shū)中是這樣描述的：Any of a variety of units whose function is within a larger discourse rather than an individual sentence or clause: e.g. but then in But then he might be late. discourse marker雖然范圍更加廣泛一些，但從以上文字不難看出，它包括了我們所熟悉的邏輯關(guān)系詞。也由此可見(jiàn)，特別重視形式邏輯和思維分析的英語(yǔ)行文，在詞語(yǔ)之間和句子之間往往會(huì)借助各種邏輯關(guān)系詞清楚表達(dá)思維邏輯和語(yǔ)意關(guān)系。因此了解和掌握邏輯關(guān)系詞可以幫助我們把握文章中語(yǔ)意的轉(zhuǎn)換和發(fā)展，理解文章重點(diǎn)表達(dá)的意思。

　　具體到雅思閱讀，邏輯關(guān)系詞在解題中體現(xiàn)出兩大功能 ：

　　一、語(yǔ)意推斷

　　語(yǔ)意推斷主要是運(yùn)用于重點(diǎn)題型之一的摘要題。具體是指根據(jù)空格所在句及前后句的邏輯關(guān)系詞，分析詞語(yǔ)之間，句子之間的語(yǔ)意關(guān)系，推斷出所缺單詞的大致含義。

　　例如：

　　1.劍4 / P77 / Q38

　　Some corpora include a wide range of language while others are used to focus on a particular linguistic feature.

　　根據(jù)while這個(gè)表示對(duì)比或轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系詞，可以判斷它前后部分是對(duì)比或反義關(guān)系。a wide range of language指的是語(yǔ)言研究的廣泛的各個(gè)方面，可以預(yù)判空格處應(yīng)是指具體的方面。

　　2.劍1 / P20 / Q4-5

　　The very first fire-lighting methods involved the creation of friction by, for example, rapidly rotating a wooden stick in a round hole.

　　根據(jù)介詞by和for example這個(gè)表示舉例的邏輯關(guān)系詞，可以預(yù)判第二個(gè)空格應(yīng)是和creation of friction的具體動(dòng)作有關(guān)的詞。

　　3.劍1 / P20 / Q6

　　The use of percussion or persistent chipping was also widespread in Europe

　　根據(jù)表示并列的邏輯關(guān)系詞or，可以判斷它前后部分是并列關(guān)系。Chipping是削，鑿的意思，可以預(yù)判空格處應(yīng)是類似意思的詞。

　　二、定位

　　根據(jù)對(duì)歷年真題的總結(jié)分析，雅思閱讀考試的一個(gè)重要規(guī)律是：題干中的句子之間，詞語(yǔ)之間的邏輯關(guān)系在原文中一般不變。這一規(guī)律使得邏輯關(guān)系詞可以有效地協(xié)助題干關(guān)鍵詞在原文中定位答案信息源。尤其在摘要題中這一方法使用頻率很高。

　　例如：

　　1.劍5 / P50 / Q30-31

　　題干：In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the technical vocabulary nor the grammatical resources to express their ideas.

　　原文：First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world

　　題干中出現(xiàn)的neithernor是連接兩個(gè)否定概念的并列邏輯關(guān)系詞。原文中對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)了完全相同的邏輯關(guān)系，即first, it lacked , second it lacked 。我們可根據(jù)這種對(duì)應(yīng)的邏輯關(guān)系在原文中快速定位答案信息源。

　　2.劍5 / P50 / Q33-34

　　題干：Although English was then overtaken by German, it developed again in the 19th century as a direct result of the industrial revolution.

　　原文：In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary.

　　題干中出現(xiàn)的兩種邏輯關(guān)系均在原文中對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)。一是表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的although, 對(duì)應(yīng)于原文中的however;二是表示因果關(guān)系的as a direct result of 對(duì)應(yīng)于原文中表因果的邏輯關(guān)系詞as。很顯然，這對(duì)于題干信息的定位意義重大。

　　3.劍5 / P70 / Q25-26

　　題干：To deal with this, Stanley suggests the use of artificial floods in the short term, and increasing the amount of water available through desalination in the longer term.

　　原文：In the immediate future, Stanley believes that one solution would be to make artificial floods to flush out the delta waterways, in the same way that natural floods did before the construction of the dams. He says, however, that in the long term an alternative process such as desalination may have to be used to increase the amount of water available.

　　題干中出現(xiàn)了表示遞進(jìn)的邏輯關(guān)系詞in the short term in the longer term 。快速查讀原文，可定位于文中相同的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)in the immediate future in the long term 。

　　另外，對(duì)雅思真題文章進(jìn)行精讀訓(xùn)練的同學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，除了以上兩大功能之外，邏輯關(guān)系詞在原文中的位置還常常是命題考點(diǎn)最集中的地方。因此學(xué)習(xí)和掌握邏輯關(guān)系詞在閱讀中的功能和作用，將對(duì)提高答題的速度起關(guān)鍵性的作用。同時(shí)，能夠熟練運(yùn)用邏輯關(guān)系詞對(duì)于寫(xiě)出條理清楚，層次分明的雅思作文也大有幫助。

　　附：雅思考試中常見(jiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系詞

　　1.表示并列關(guān)系

　　likewise once again/once more in the same way similarly/similar to vice versa also/as well as not only but also both and neither nor like/just like as/just as equally namely or and

　　2.表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系

　　but/yet/whereas however otherwise in contrast conversely though/although nevertheless unlike in spite of despite on the contrary even if/even though

　　on the one hand , on the other hand instead not as as rather than even so vary different from differ from

　　while

　　3.表示舉例

　　for example/for instance/e.g. such as that is/namely/i.e.

　　in other words in general/in particular a case in point is especially specifically

　　4.表示因果關(guān)系

　　as a result as a consequence consequently so/therefore/thus then for this reason hence accordingly because/because of owing to thanks to on account of

　　since due to , for as this is why

　　5.表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系

　　and then as well as again another also/too in addition additionally additional besides moreover furthermore not only but also whats more

　　6.表示讓步關(guān)系

　　though/although while even though/even if nevertheless in spite of/despite admittedly

　　7. 表示總結(jié)

　　in a word in brief in short above all all in all on the whole in general to conclude/in conclusion to sum up/to summarize/in summary