2023考研英語閱讀學術出版
Academic publishing
學術出版
Free-for-all
自由競爭
Open-access scientific publishing is gaining ground
科學出版的開放存取已逐漸被人們所接受
AT THE beginning of April, Research Councils UK, a conduit through which the governmenttransmits taxpayers money to academic researchers, changed the rules on how the resultsof studies it pays for are made public.
四月初，英國研究理事會一個由政府向學術研究者提供資金機構-改變了它的一項規(guī)則：即該機構提供資助的一些研究成果是否可以自由出版。
From now on they will have to be published injournals that make them available freepreferably immediately, but certainly within a year.
從今后，這些成果將必須在期刊上自由，免費發(fā)表最好是結果出來后立即出版，但是出版時間最遲不能超過一年。
In February the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy told federal agencies tomake similar plans.
今年二月，白宮科學和技術政策辦公室也要求聯邦機構做出與之相類似的計劃。
A week before that, a bill which would require free access to government-financed researchafter six months had begun to wend its way through Congress.
在此前一周，國會也通過了一項法案即政府資助研究產生成果六個月后，可以自由出版，雖然投票通過的過程有些曲折。
The European Union is moving in the same direction.
同時，歐盟也正在同樣方向的指導下做著類似的工作。
So are charities.
慈善機構同樣如此。
And SCOAP3, a consortium of particle-physics laboratories, libraries and funding agencies, ispressing all 12 of the field s leading journals to make the 7,000 articles they publish eachyear free to read.
而且，一個由眾多粒子物理實驗室，圖書館和資助機構組成的聯合體-SCOAP3已經向該領域的12個先鋒期刊提出如下要求：即他們每年出版的7,000篇文章都能免費閱讀。
For scientific publishers, it seems, the party may soon be over.
對科學出版社們來說，這似乎預示著獨享的快樂聚會可能就快結束了。
It has, they would have to admit, been a good bash.
不過，他們將不得不承認，這是一個很好的嘗試。
The current enterpriseselling the results of other people s work, submitted free of chargeand vetted for nothing by third parties in a process called peer review, has been immenselyprofitable.
現在的企業(yè)銷售他人的工作成果，不要承認任何費用，而且不要接受被稱為同行檢查的第三方審查，已經是極有利潤可圖了。
Elsevier, a Dutch firm that is the world s biggest journal publisher, had a margin last year of38% on revenues of 2.1 billion.
荷蘭的愛思唯爾是全球最大的雜志出版商，去年在這個方面的利潤達到了總收入的38%。
Springer, a German firm that is the second-biggest journal publisher, made 36% on sales of875m in 2011.
而第二大出版商德國的施普林格，就其最近一年2011年可查的數據來看，出版研究成果的收入達到了當年銷售收入8.75億歐元的36%。
Such firms are now, though, faced with competitors set up explicitly to cover only theircosts.
但是，現在這些公司也面臨著僅為賺取投資成本而起家的競爭對手的挑戰(zhàn)。
Some rely on charity, but many have a proper business model: academics pay a fee to bepublished.
有些企業(yè)倚重的卻是慈善出版物，但是，它們大多都有一個合適的商業(yè)模式：學者都要支付一定的費用才能出版他們的研究成果。
So, on the principle of if you can t beat em, join em, commercial publishers, too, aresetting up open-access subsidiaries.
因此，本著如果你不能打敗他們，那就加入他們的原則，商業(yè)出版社也開始設立可以開放存取的子公司。
Open for business
開業(yè)了
The biggest is BioMed Central, part of Springer.
影響最大的是生物醫(yī)學中心，它隸屬于斯林普格，創(chuàng)建于2000年。
It was founded in 2000 and in February it published its 150,000th paper and also launched its250th periodical, catchily entitled theJournal of Venomous Animals and Toxins IncludingTropical Diseases.
今年二月，它出版了它的十五萬篇文章，也出版了它的第250期期刊，它的題目很吸引人有毒動物，及包含熱帶疾病的毒素。
Days later Nature Publishing Group, which owns Nature and 81 other journals, and which itselfbelongs to the Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group, another German firm, bought amajority stake in Frontiers, a Swiss open-access platform with 30 titles in 14 scientificfields.
幾天以后，擁有自然雜志和其它81種雜志的自然出版集團-它本身隸屬于另一家德國公司：格奧爾格-馮-霍爾茨布林克出版集團，購買了前鋒一家擁有14個科研領域30種期刊的瑞士開放存取平臺的多數股權。
In combination, NPG and Frontiers publish 46 open-access journals, and 7,300 free papers ayear.
聯姻后，自然集團和前鋒每年能夠出版46個開放存取期刊，及7,300篇文章。
In the past year Elsevier has more than doubled the number of open-access journals itpublishes, to 39.
去年，艾思維爾把它出版的開放存取期刊的數量增加了一倍以上，達到了39個。
And even in those that usually charge readers, paying a publication fee makes a paperavailable free immediately.
甚至那些通常收費的出版商，在支付出版費用后，也能夠立刻免費讀到這些文章。
Outsell, a Californian consultancy, estimates that open-access journals generated 172m in2023.
據一家加州咨詢公司奧特舒爾估計，去年開放存取雜志產生了1.72億美元的收入。
That was just 2.8% of the total revenue journals brought their publishers, but it was up by34% from 2011 and is expected to reach 336m in 2023. The number of open-access papers isforecast to grow from 194,000 to 352,000 in the same period.
而這僅僅占了出版商全部雜志收入的2.8%，但是相比于2011年，已經增加了34%，估計到2023年，全部開放存取雜志的收入會達到3.36億美元。屆時，開放存取文章的數量將會從19.4萬篇增加到35.2萬篇。
Open-access publishers are also looking at new ways of doing business.
開放存取出版商也在探索這方面的新方式。
Frontiers, for example, does not try to judge a paper s significance during peer review, onlyits accuracyan approach also adopted by the Public Library of Science, anon-commercial organisation based in San Francisco that was one of the pioneers ofopen-access publishing. It thus accepts 80-90% of submissions.
比如，前鋒并不注重一篇文章在同行眼光中的重要性，而只專注于它的準確性這也是公共科學圖書館所采取的方法，因此，前鋒獲得了所提交研究論文中80-90%的出版權。
Instead, a Frontiers paper s merit is gauged after publication, using measures like thenumber of downloads.
相反，前鋒文章的一個優(yōu)點是，在出版后，通過類似下載數量的衡量方式來對文章進行評判。
Frontiers also doubles as a social network for researchers to share news, job offers andinformation about conferences and events.
作為一個為研究者提供資訊，工作計劃和有關會議和事件信息分享的社交網站，前鋒雜志的下載量也增加了一倍。
This network currently has around 70,000 members.
這個網站現在已經有約七萬左右的會員。
PeerJ, founded last year, makes an even more dramatic departure from tradition.
而去年創(chuàng)建的皮爾杰則開發(fā)了一個更加異于傳統的運作模式。
Rather than being charged publication fees, authors pay a one-off membership fee, whichranges from 99 to 298, depending on how many papers they want to publish each year.
文章的作者并不需要支付出版費用，而只要支付一次性會員費用，從99美元到298美元不等，這取決于每年他們打算出版的文章數量。
All co-authors must be members. The firm also deals neatly with the question of peer review.Members must review at least one paper a year.
所有的合作者必須都是會員。這家公司也很好地處理了同行評審的問題。它規(guī)定，會員每年必須評審一篇文章。
Non-commercial open-access publishers, though, are fighting back.
但是，非商業(yè)性的開放存取出版商們也開始了反擊。
The Wellcome Trust, the Max Planck Society and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute haveset up eLife, a peer-reviewed journal that does not charge publication fees.
一家名叫威康信托基金會英國的醫(yī)療慈善機構，運作多家德國研究機構的馬普學會及一家稱為霍華德休斯醫(yī)學研究所的美國慈善機構共同設立了開放存取期刊網絡生活，這個期刊不收取出版費用，但是還能進行同行評審。
And in January Jean-Pierre Demailly, of the University of Grenoble, in France, and a handfulof fellow mathematicians launched the Episciences Project.
今年一月，法國格勒諾布爾大學的皮埃爾-德馬里和少數幾個屈指可數的數學家們創(chuàng)建了科學至上期刊。
This aims to show that researchers themselves can turn out refereed papers cheaply,bypassing traditional purveyors.
這旨在表明，不需要傳統意義上的傳播者，研究者自己能夠出版經過評審的文章，而且成本低廉。
Episciences will piggyback on ArXiv, an online repository beloved of physicists andmathematicianswho often post work there as preprints before submitting it to journals.
科學至上將與數學預印本網庫在線網絡資料庫合作，這是一個物理學家和數學家們衷愛的網絡平臺，他們在向期刊投稿前往往會把預印本提前上傳到這里。
ArXiv is hosted by Cornell University at a cost of $830,000 a year.
ArXiv的運營商是美國康奈爾大學，每年的運營成本為83萬美元。
Tacking on an epijournal, so that refereed papers would sit alongside the preprints, should notadd much to that.
連接到一個預印雜志上，這樣就會同時看到經過評審的論文和它的預印本，這樣也無法在論文上增加太多了。
Matthew Cockerill, BioMed Central s boss, though, points out that Episciences s publishingmodel may have its drawbacks.
但是，斯林普格生物醫(yī)學中心的老板馬修-科克爾指出，科學至上期刊的出版模式可能也有不足之處。
Academics who bypass publishers become publishers themselves.
繞過出版商的學者們自己成為了出版者，
And that will be harder to do as the operation grows.
當業(yè)務越來越多時，他們也會越來越難做。
Who pays for lunch?
誰來買單?
Other aspects of open-access publishing also draw polite scepticism from incumbents.
開放存取其它方面的影響也遭到了在職人員理性的懷疑。
The promiscuous approach of Frontiers and PLoS, for example, is at odds with therejection by publications like Nature and its American counterpart, Science, of over 90% ofsubmitted manuscripts.
比如，前鋒和科學公共圖書館方式的混雜操作受到了類似《自然》和它的美國同仁《科學》的質疑，而且拒絕了它們90%以上的文稿，
It is this selectivity that gives these journals their prestige.
也正是這種專一性樹立起了《自然》們的權威性。
At the moment, publication in Nature, Science and a handful of similar journals is like asprinkling of fairy dust.
現在，在自然，科學和少數幾個類似的雜志上可以發(fā)表文章，就好比點點星塵那么稀少而珍貴。
Everyone knows how tough it is to get in, so papers that do so are assumed to be special.
每個人都知道它們的門檻有多高，所以能夠被刊印的文章被認為是非常特別的。
This will be hard for open-access publications to emulate.
而這一點是開放存取出版很難效仿的。
The rejected papers all have to be scrutinised, thoughand even though peer review is free,this involves staff time and other costs.
被退稿的文章都必須經過審查，盡管，即使同行審查是免費的，而工作人員的時間和其它成本也是非常高昂的。
According to Nature, the cost per published paper is 40,000.
根據自然雜志的數據，每篇發(fā)表文章的成本為四萬美元。
If Nature is to stay in business in anything like its current form, someone will have to paythat.
如果自然雜志處在類似它現在形式的任何產業(yè)里，總是會有人不得不買單的。
Whether anyone will want to, remains to be seen.
無論是否有人愿意，這還有待觀察。
Budgets are tight, and pressure for access to be open is growing.
預算緊張，加上要求開放的壓力越來越大。
Intangible blessings of the sort bestowed by prestigious journals can vanish rapidly.
這種著名雜志賦予的無形的資產會很快消失。
Where the game will end is anybody s guess.
游戲什么時候結束，誰也說不準。
詞語解釋
1.pay for 賠償;為付錢
The chinese steel mills then pay for the shipping.
船運費將由中國的鋼鐵廠支付。
Taxpayers should not pay for bank failures.
納稅人不應該為銀行的錯誤買單。
2.tell to 告訴
What be you tell to do this morning?
今天早上叫你干什么了?
He essayed to speak but was tell to be quiet.
他試圖發(fā)言，但主席讓他不要講話。
3.access to 有權使用
Coffee growers also needed better access to markets.
咖啡種植者也需要更好的途徑進入市場。
Wto membership should at least provide greater access to foreign markets.
