2024年高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)精品資料：專題08 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)（教學(xué)案）（原卷版）

　　動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)是兩個(gè)非常重要的語法范疇，構(gòu)成了英語語法的基本框架，幾乎所有動(dòng)詞的考查都必須借助于時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)來完成。高考試題在考查時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的同時(shí)，還兼顧其他語法內(nèi)容的測試，比如各種從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句等，其交叉式和復(fù)合式的特點(diǎn)尤為明顯。其考點(diǎn)主要包括：

　　1．注重在語境中考查常見時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別，如一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(過去時(shí))與現(xiàn)在(過去)進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別等。要求準(zhǔn)確判斷動(dòng)作和時(shí)間的關(guān)系，正確理解時(shí)間概念，如是現(xiàn)在、過去還是將來，是時(shí)間段、時(shí)間點(diǎn)還是時(shí)間瞬間。

　　2．遵循“情景立意”和“能力立意”的原則，考查在狀語從句等特定語言環(huán)境中時(shí)態(tài)的代替。要求吃透語境，摸清命題人的意圖，善于捕捉句子中所隱含的時(shí)間信息，克服漢語式的慣性思維。

　　3．把語態(tài)與時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)合在一起，進(jìn)行綜合考查。各種常用時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成，仍是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一，而且題干中有效信息越來越隱蔽，試題難度呈現(xiàn)加大的趨勢(shì)。要求明確謂語動(dòng)詞與主語的關(guān)系，分清是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)。

　　4．考查主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。對(duì)語境理解能力的要求逐步提高，且要重視有特殊用法的動(dòng)詞的運(yùn)用。

　　高考常考的幾種易混時(shí)態(tài)的辨析

　　1．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要用于習(xí)慣性或經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作，常伴隨使用usually，often，seldom等頻度副詞；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用于表示目前或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常跟now，at present等時(shí)間狀語。

　　He usually writes a lot of letters，but he isn't writing at present.

　　他經(jīng)常寫許多信，但他現(xiàn)在沒在寫。

　　(2)表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理時(shí)，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。

　　The Earth goes around the Sun.

　　地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。

　　2．一般過去時(shí)與過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　(1)一般過去時(shí)表示一個(gè)完成的動(dòng)作，而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

　　I was reading a novel last night.

　　昨晚我在看小說(可能沒看完)。

　　I read a novel last night.

　　我昨晚看了一本小說(已經(jīng)看完了)。

　　(2)一般過去時(shí)用于表示一個(gè)單純動(dòng)作，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)用于表示過去一段時(shí)間反復(fù)做的動(dòng)作。

　　Did he ask questions?

　　他提問題了嗎？

　　He was asking questions all the time.

　　他始終在提問題。

　　(3)一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(側(cè)重說明事實(shí))，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(強(qiáng)調(diào)在這一過程中所進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或展開的情景)。

　　He drew a picture yesterday afternoon.

　　他昨天下午畫了一張畫(昨天下午他做了這么一件事)。

　　He was drawing a picture yesterday afternoon.

　　他昨天下午在畫一張畫(昨天下午他一直在畫畫，沒干別的事)。

　　(3)一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(側(cè)重說明事實(shí))，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(強(qiáng)調(diào)在這一過程中所進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或展開的情景)。

　　He drew a picture yesterday afternoon.

　　他昨天下午畫了一張畫(昨天下午他做了這么一件事)。

　　He was drawing a picture yesterday afternoon.

　　他昨天下午在畫一張畫(昨天下午他一直在畫畫，沒干別的事)。

　　3．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)

　　(1)兩者都表示發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作。但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，主要說明現(xiàn)在的情況；一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)間，與現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系。例如：

　　They've gone to Paris.

　　他們到巴黎去了(說明他們現(xiàn)在去巴黎了，不在這里)。

　　They went to Paris.

　　他們?nèi)ミ^巴黎(只說明去過，不表明是否現(xiàn)在仍在那里)。

　　(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過去發(fā)生到現(xiàn)在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的任何時(shí)間，可與so far，up to now，lately，ever since等表示包括現(xiàn)在一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，但不能和表示過去時(shí)間的狀語連用；一般過去時(shí)表示的是過去某一特定時(shí)間或與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)的某一過去時(shí)間。

　　I haven't seen the film yet.

　　我還沒看過這部影片(到目前為止)。

　　I saw the film the day before yesterday.

　　我前天看的這部電影(表明看電影的時(shí)間是在前天)。

　　4．過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)

　　(1)一般過去時(shí)通常與具體過去時(shí)間狀語連用；即使沒有時(shí)間狀語，根據(jù)具體的語言環(huán)境，我們也可以作出明確的判斷。

　　(2)過去完成時(shí)是一種相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，表示在過去某時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生。時(shí)間參照點(diǎn)與一般過去時(shí)不同，一般過去時(shí)是對(duì)現(xiàn)在說話時(shí)刻而言，過去完成時(shí)則是與過去某一時(shí)刻而言的，即“過去的過去”。

　　5．一般將來時(shí)與將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　一般將來時(shí)表示對(duì)“現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻”來說，將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或?qū)⒁嬖诘臓顟B(tài)；而將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來的某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

　　She is sixteen，who will be seventeen next year.

　　她十六歲，明年將十七歲。

　　What will you be doing at this time next Monday?

　　下周一這時(shí)候你將會(huì)在做什么呢？

　　5．一般將來時(shí)與將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　一般將來時(shí)表示對(duì)“現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻”來說，將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或?qū)⒁嬖诘臓顟B(tài)；而將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來的某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

　　She is sixteen，who will be seventeen next year.

　　她十六歲，明年將十七歲。

　　What will you be doing at this time next Monday?

　　下周一這時(shí)候你將會(huì)在做什么呢？

　　(2)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)往往表示動(dòng)作在重復(fù)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常常不帶重復(fù)性。如：

　　Have you been meeting her lately？(經(jīng)常相見)

　　Have you met her lately？(不重復(fù)發(fā)生)

　　(3)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)比較生動(dòng)，有時(shí)含有明顯的感情色彩；而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往只說明一個(gè)事實(shí)、一種影響或結(jié)果，平鋪直敘，沒有什么感情色彩可言。如：

　　Recently Mary has been doing her homework regularly.(顯然是在表揚(yáng)瑪麗)

　　Recently Mary has done her homework regularly.(只說明一個(gè)事實(shí))

　　固定句型中的固定時(shí)態(tài)

　　在某些固定句型里往往有固定的時(shí)態(tài)要求，請(qǐng)?bào)w會(huì)下列句子中時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用：

　　1．This/It is the first/second... time I have done sth.

　　That/It was the first/second... time I had done sth.

　　2．It is two years since he went abroad./It was two years since he had gone abroad.

　　3．I was about to go out when the telephone rang.

　　4．Hardly had I got home when the telephone rang.

　　5．No sooner had I got home than the telephone rang.

　　6．It won't be long before he comes back./It wasn't long before he came back.

　　7．I didn't manage to understand it until he had explained it again.

　　8．祈使句＋and(or/or else/otherwise)＋并列分句(并列分句中謂語動(dòng)詞多用一般將來時(shí))

　　被動(dòng)語態(tài)

　　1．被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

　　英語中的及物動(dòng)詞一般都有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)兩種形式。主動(dòng)語態(tài)是無標(biāo)記的，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則是有標(biāo)記的。被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be＋過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be隨著主語的人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)和語氣的不同而變化。被動(dòng)語態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)形式見下表：

　　2.主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的幾種情況

　　(1)英語中有很多動(dòng)詞，如break，catch，clean，drive，look，open，sell，read，write，wash等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來描述主語特征時(shí)，常用其主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，主語通常是物；在這種情況下，常常和easily，well等副詞連用。

　　This kind of cloth washes well.這種布好洗。

　　The sign reads as follows.這牌子告示如下。

　　This material won't wear.這種材料不耐穿。

　　The machine runs well.這種機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)良好。

　　特別提醒：主動(dòng)語態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。

　　(2)表示感受、感官的系動(dòng)詞feel，sound，taste，look等后跟形容詞、名詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，無被動(dòng)形式。

　　Your reason sounds reasonable.

　　你的理由聽起來合理。

　　(3)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等動(dòng)詞、worth等形容詞的后面，動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。

　　The house needs repairing/to be repaired.

　　這所房子需要修理。

　　(4)在某些“主語(人/物)＋be＋形容詞＋不定式”中不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。

　　The problem is difficult to work out.

　　這道題很難計(jì)算出。(可看作to work out省略了for me)

　　(5)be to rent/blame/let也屬于主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。

　　Who is to blame for the mistake?

　　誰應(yīng)為這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤接受譴責(zé)？

　　The houses are to let.

　　這些房子有待出租。

　　(6)介詞in，on，under等＋名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語表被動(dòng)意義。

　　表示方位的介詞與含動(dòng)作意義的名詞合用，含被動(dòng)之意，其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式，名詞前一般不用冠詞。常見的有：under control受控制；under treatment在治療中；under repair在修理中；under discussion在討論中；under construction在施工中；beyond belief令人難以置信；beyond one's reach鞭長莫及；beyond one's control無法控制；

　　beyond our hope我們始料不及；for sale出售；for rent出租；

　　in print在印刷中；in sight在視野范圍內(nèi)；on sale出售；on show展出；on trial受審；out of control控制不了；out of sight超出視線；out of one's reach夠不著；out of fashion不流行。如：

　　The rumor is beyond belief(＝can't be believed)．

　　那個(gè)謠言令人難以置信。

　　Today some treasures are on show(＝are being shown)in the museum.

　　今天一些珍寶正在博物館展出。

　　考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)

　　(2024·浙江)While online shopping ________(change)our life，not all of its effects have been positive.

　　【變式探究】【2024·北京】26.in the last few years,China ___ great achievements in environmental protection.

　　A.has made

　　B.had made

　　C.was making

　　D.is making

　　【變式探究】（2024安徽卷）23．The twins, Who

　　their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground.

　　A. will finish

　　B. finish

　　C. have finished

　　D. had finished

　　考查時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

　　例、(2024·四川)The giant panda ________(love)by people throughout the world.

　　【變式探究】【2024·北京】22.--Did you enjoy the party?

　　--Yes,we___by our hosts.

　　A.were treated

　　B.would be treated.

　　C.treated

　　D.had treated

　　【變式探究】（2024·浙江卷）Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she ________ most of the guests before.

　　A．has seen

　　B．had seen

　　C．saw

　　D．would see

　　(2024·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ)So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base，where ticket money helps pay for research.I ________(allow)to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.

　　2．(2024·新課標(biāo)Ⅲ)Truly elegant chopsticks might ________(make)of gold and silver with Chinese characters.

　　3．(2024·四川)The giant panda ________(love)by people throughout the world.

　　4．(2024·四川)Then，after two and a half years，the mother ________(drive)the young panda away.

　　5．(2024·浙江)While online shopping ________(change)our life，not all of its effects have been positive.

　　6．(2024·浙江)Silk ________(become)one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.

　　7．(2024·北京)Jack ________(work)in the lab when the power cut occurred.

　　8．(2024·北京)—Excuse me，which movie are you waiting for?

　　—The new Star Wars.We ________(wait)here for more than two hours.

　　9．(2024·北京)I ________(read)half of the English novel，and I'll try to finish it at the weekend.

　　10．(2024·北京)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ________(reward)with success in the end.

　　11．(2024·天津)When walking down the street，I came across David，whom I ________(see)for years.

　　1.(2024·江蘇，30)The real reason why prices

　　(be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.

　　2.(2024·湖南，22)As you go through this book, you

　　(find)that each of the millions of people who lived through World War Ⅱ had a different experience.

　　3.(2024·湖南，25)I wasn't able to hide my eagerness when I

　　(ask), “What do you wish me to do now？”

　　4.(2024·湖南，28)He must have sensed that I

　　(look)at him.He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that？”

　　5.(2024·湖南，32)I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but

　　(hold)back thankfully by the shop window.

　　6.(2024·北京，22)—Did you enjoy the party?

　　—Yes.We

　　(treat)well by our hosts.

　　7.(2024·北京，26)In the last few years, China

　　(make)great achievements in environmental protection.

　　8.(2024·北京，27)—Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house?

　　—Not really.She

　　( give)us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.

　　9.(2024·北京，30)—Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment.

　　—All right.I

　　(call)him later.

　　10.(2024·浙江，8)Albert Einstein was born in 1879.As a child, few people guessed that he

　　(go)be a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.

　　11.(2024·重慶，1)—Is Peter coming?

　　—No, he

　　(change)his mind after a phone call at the last minute.

　　12.(2024·重慶，13)In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat

　　(cut).

　　13.(2024·陜西，22)Marty

　　(work)really hard on his book and he thinks he'll have finished it by Friday.

　　14.(2024·陜西，24)At college，Barack Obama didn't know that he

　　(become) the first black president of the United States of America.

　　15.(2024·四川，4)More expressways

　　(build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.

　　16.(2024·天津，6)Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she