2024年高考英語一輪復習講練測:必修5 語法專題復習 非謂語動詞(1)(講)(解析版)
?。ㄖv)-2024年高考英語一輪復習講練測(解析版)
必修
非謂語動詞復習重點、難點
非謂語動詞試題解題方法:
1.非謂語動詞的用法是一個系統(tǒng)性、綜合性很強的語言點,切不可記住幾個條條框框就去亂套。真正領悟非謂語動詞的用法要具備以下基礎知識:
具有句子結(jié)構的知識,要分得清簡單句與復合句,陳述句與祈使句。
具有簡單句最基本的五種句型的知識,要分得清雙賓語和復合賓語。
具有扎實而豐富的動詞知識,要分得清及物動詞和不及物動詞,雙賓動詞和復賓動詞。一些最基礎最常用的動詞的用法應當爛熟于胸。
具備各種復合句的知識,能夠拆析30詞左右長度的復合長、難句。
2.理解分析非謂語動詞的句法功能,重點掌握不定式、動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別;不定式、分詞作補語的區(qū)別;不定式、分詞作狀語的區(qū)別;獨立主格的用法;不定式、分詞作定語的區(qū)別。
3.解答考查非謂語動詞的題目時,一定要保持頭腦冷靜。一般要遵循以下解題思路:
解析句子結(jié)構,確定設空在句子中充當?shù)墓δ埽ㄈ鐮钫Z、定語或賓補);
找準相關動詞的邏輯主語,確定該動詞與邏輯主語是什么關系(主動還是被動);
搜索句子中相關的時間信息,確定非謂語動詞的恰當形式;
將該選項置入空中,看是否能夠做到字從意順,或是否能傳達有效信息、完成交際任務。
一
非謂語動詞的句法功能
名稱 主語 賓語 賓語補足語 表語 定語 狀語
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
動名詞 √ √
√ √
現(xiàn)在分詞
√ √ √ √
過去分詞
√ √ √ √
分詞、不定式作賓補用法要點
一、分詞、不定式作賓語補足語的區(qū)別
1.感官動詞see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等和使役動詞have 后面的賓補有三種形式,即原形動詞(不帶to 的不定式)、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。現(xiàn)在分詞表主動或正在進行,過去分詞表被動或完成,動詞原形表主動和完成。如:
I heard her sing an English song just now.
剛才我聽見她唱了一首英文歌。
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天經(jīng)過她房間時,我聽見她在唱英文歌。
I heard the English song sung many times.
我多次聽到有人唱這首英文歌。
注意:不及物動詞的過去分詞作賓補表完成和狀態(tài)。如:
I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. (狀態(tài))
I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. (完成)
2.leave 后接三種形式作賓補時,其中的leave 保留了原來之義“留下”,但表達的確切之義應是“使……處于某種狀態(tài))。
leave sb. doing sth. 讓某人一直做某事
?。ㄙe語和賓補之間是主謂關系,表示動作正在進行。)
leave sth. undone 留下某事未做
?。ㄙe語和賓補之間是動賓關系,表示被動和完成,一般以undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched 為多)
leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事
leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做
?。ú欢ㄊ奖硎緦淼膭幼?。)
如:It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running.
你讓機器一直開著是不對的。(主動,正在進行)
The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious.
客人們沒有動大部分菜,因為它們嘗起來不可口。(被動,完成)
He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.
他走了,留下我一人去做剩余的工所有工作。(主動,將來)
We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.
我們匆匆忙忙導結(jié)束了會議,留下了很多問題等待解決。(被動,將來)
3.have, get 后接三種形式作賓補時,其中heave, get 表示“使、讓、叫”之意。
have sth. done = get sth. done “使/讓某事由別人去做”(叫/讓某人做某事)。如
I’ll have /get my bike repaired tomorrow.
此外,have sth. done 還表示“使遭受……”之意。如
Tom had his leg broken while playing football.
Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.
have sb. / sth. doing 使/讓某人/物持續(xù)地做某事(現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動,正在進行)
get sb. / sth. doing 使某人/物開始行動起來
如:The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.
農(nóng)忙時,農(nóng)民們讓拖拉機夜以繼日地干活。
The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.
休息了片刻之后,上尉讓士兵們開始朝前線行進起來。
注意:“have sb. doing”若用于否定句中,其中have 有“容忍”之意。如:
I won’t have you speaking to your parents like that.
我不會讓你那樣子跟你的父母說話。
Don’t have the water running all the time.
不要讓水流個不停。
have sb. do sth. (get sb. to do sth. ) 使/讓/叫某人去做某事
如:Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.
I can’t get him to stop smoking. He won’t listen to me.
二、下列動詞后跟帶to 的不定式作補語:
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, think, wait for, call on, depend on 等。如:
An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered to issue clear warning before firing any shots.
?、?The teacher asked us not to make so much noise.
?、?The flu is believed to be caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
三、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補
下列動詞后在主動語態(tài)中用不帶to 的不定式作補語,但在被動語態(tài)中要加上to:
它們是“吾看三室兩廳一感覺”——5看(look at, see, watch, notice, observe);3使(make, let, have);2聽(listen to, hear);1感覺(fell)。以上動詞還可用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語(5+3+2+1-2+4):即以上動詞除let, make 外都可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語,此外find, catch, keep, lave 也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語。如:
At that time, I found him crying in the street.
He was caught stealing. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.
重點知識整合三
不定式、分詞作定語用法要點
一、不定式作定語
1.作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等,不定式后面須有相應的介詞。如:
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.
There is nothing to worry about.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
Here is some paper for you to write on.
但是,不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, place 或way時,不定式后面的介詞習慣上省去。如:
He had no money and no place to live (in).
We found a way to solve this problem (in).
2.當作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的承受者時,不定式既可以用主動語態(tài),也可用被動語態(tài),但其含義有所不同。試比較:
Have you anything to send ? 你有什么東西要寄嗎?
?。ú欢ㄊ絫o send 的動作執(zhí)行者是“你”)
Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎?
?。ú欢ㄊ絫o be sent 的動作執(zhí)行者是“我”或“別人”)
3.用不定式作定語的幾種情況:
不定式表將來:
I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.
用來修飾被序數(shù)詞、最高級或no, all, any 等限定的中心詞。如:
He was the best man to do the job.
She was the first woman to in the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.
用來修飾的詞是抽象名詞時,常見的有:ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如:
Do you have the ability to read and write English ?
I have to chance to go sight –seeing.
二、分詞作定語
1.作定語的及物動詞分詞形式為:V –ing; being + 過去分詞。當被修飾的名詞與分詞為主動關系時,用V –ing;當被修飾的名詞與分詞為被動關系且表正在進行時,用being + 過去分詞;當被修飾的名詞與分詞為被動關系且表完成時,用過去分詞。例如:
The houses being built are for the teachers.
The broken glass is Tom’s.
I have never seen a more moving movie.
2.作定語的不及物動詞分詞形式為:V –ing 和過去分詞。V –ing 表示正在進行;過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成。如:
falling leaves 正落的葉子
fallen leaves 落下的葉子
boiling water 正沸騰的水
boiled water 沸騰過的水(白開水)
三、不定式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞被動式作定語的區(qū)別
這三種形式作定語,主要是體現(xiàn)在動作的發(fā)生時間上。過去分詞表示的動作或是在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生,或是沒有一定的時間性。如:
Have you read the novel written by Dickens ?
He is man loved and respected by all.
Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.
現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式作定語時表示的動作正在發(fā)生或是與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生。如:
Listen ! The song being sung is very popular with the students.
不定式的被動式作定語時,表示一個未來的動作。如:
The question to be discussed at the tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.
重點知識整合四
不定式、動名詞作賓語用法要點
一、下面動詞只能用不定式作賓語,請牢記下列小詩:
決心學會想希望,拒絕設法愿假裝。
主動答應選計劃,同意請求幫一幫。
Decide / determine, learn, want, expect / hope / wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask / beg, help
此外,afford, strive 等也要用不定式作賓語。例如:
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
?、?We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
?、?In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state – run companies are striving to make their products more competitive.
二、下列動詞只能用動名詞作賓語,請牢記下列小詩:
考慮建議盼原諒,承認推遲沒得想。避免錯過繼續(xù)練,否認完成停欣賞,不禁介意準逃亡。
consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practise, deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate, can’t help, mind, allow / permit, escape, imagine, forbid, risk
此外be used to, look forward to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can’t stand (無法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /hard time (in)等動詞詞組也要用動名詞作賓語。
The squirrels was lucky that if just missed being caught.
② I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocena in five days.
?、?I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.
三、下列動詞或詞組既可以跟動名詞作賓語,也可以跟不定式作賓語,但意義上有區(qū)別,要特別注意。
1. forget to do sth. 忘記去做某事
forget doing sth. 忘記已經(jīng)做過某事
remember to do sth. 記住去做某事
remember doing sth. 記得曾經(jīng)做過某事
regret to do sth. 后悔/遺憾去做某事
regret doing sth. 后悔做過某事
stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事
stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情
try to do sth. 努力/試圖做某事
try doing sth. 嘗試著做某事
mean to do sth. 意欲/想/企圖做某事
mean doing sth. 意味著做某事
go on to do sth. (做完某事)接著做另一件事 go on doing sth.繼續(xù)做同一件事(=go on with sth.)
can’t help to do sth. 不能幫助做某事
can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事
例如:
She reached the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.
?、?— The light in the office is still on.
— Oh, I forgot to turn it off.
③ — I usually go there by train.
— Why not try going by boat for a change ?
?、?— You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
— Well, now I regret having done that.
2.動詞like, love, prefer 后接不定式或動名詞作賓語均可。如表示經(jīng)常性的行為可用動名詞,如表示具體的行為常用動詞不定式。但要注意:如果like, love, prefer 前有would /should 后面則應接動詞不定式。如:
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.
I’d like to go swimming this weekend.
3.在動詞allow, advise, forbid, permit 后直接跟動名詞形式作賓語,如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語,其后用動詞不定式作賓語補足語。即:
allow / advise /forbid / permit doing sth.
allow / advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth.
如:We don’t allow smoking here.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
4.動詞need, require, want 作“需要”解時,其后必須用動名詞的主動形式或不定式的被動形式作賓語,表示事情需要做。這時動名詞的主動式表示被動意義。be worth 后必須用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。此外,若動詞need 表“需要”,require 表“要求”,want 表“想要”這些意義時,其后須接名詞或代詞作賓語,然后接不定式作賓語補足語。即:
need / require / want doing / to be done
need / require / want sb. to do sth.
be worth + n. (表示錢數(shù)或相當于錢數(shù)的名詞)
be worth doing
be worthy of being done
be worthy of + n. 值得……
be worthy to be done
如:The window needs / requires / wants cleaning.
The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned.