高考英語語法復(fù)習(xí)專題（5）介詞和連詞
語法復(fù)習(xí)專題（5）介詞和連詞
(一、考點(diǎn)聚焦
1、介詞的分類與語法功能
?。?）介詞是虛詞，不能單獨(dú)作句子成分，必須與名詞、代詞（或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句等）構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。介詞分為：簡(jiǎn)單介詞，如at、in、for等；合成介詞，如within、inside、onto、througout等；短語介詞，如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。雙重介詞，如from behind / above / under、until after等。分詞介詞，如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。
常見的介詞賓語：名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、從句、不定式等。如：
?、買t is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather
forecast.
②He quarrelled with her yesterday.
?、跦e succeeded in passing the final exam.
④I’m still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time.
?、軹he professor will give us a talk on how to study English well.
?。?）介詞短語在句中可作表語、定語、狀語和賓補(bǔ)等。如：
?、賂his machine is in good condition.(表語)
②Where is the key to my bike?(定語)
?、跱othing in the world could live without air or water.(狀語)
④She always thinks herself above others.（賓補(bǔ)）
2、介詞搭配
?。?）“動(dòng)詞+介詞”搭配：注意特定搭配與同一介詞與多個(gè)動(dòng)詞搭配意義不同的情況。
?、賠ob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“奪去、除去”意
義的動(dòng)詞與of 連用)
?、趕upply us with food / fill the glass with wine（“供給”意義的動(dòng)詞與with連用）
③make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat（“制作、制造”意義與of、from、into連用）
?、芙樵~ + the + 部位與動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系（=動(dòng)詞 + sb.’s + 部位，可換用）
strike him on the head(“擊，拍，碰，摸”意義與on連用)
catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意義與by連用)
hit the boy in the face（“肚，胸，眼，臉”等人體前部與in連用）
?、輕revent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止，禁止”意義與from連用)
?、辮ersuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.（“說服，建議”意義與into連用）
?、遙uy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意義與for連用)
⑧tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意義與to連用)
?、醙ive sth. to sb.（give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意義與to連用）
注意：⑦⑧⑨可換成buy sb.sth.雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。
?、鈙ay to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper與“對(duì)象”連用必須用to)不可說suggest sb.sth.。
同一動(dòng)詞與不同介詞搭配意義不同。
for（尋找）
to sth.
of(聽說)
on(拜訪)
look to (眺望)
agree with sb.
hear
call for(需要)
at（看）
on sth.
from(收到信)
in(請(qǐng))
同一介詞與不同動(dòng)詞搭配，意義各異。
reply to the letter回信，sing(dance)to the music和……唱（跳），amount to 達(dá)到，加起來有……，devote to把……貢獻(xiàn)給，drink to為……干杯，object to反對(duì)，look forward to 渴望，come to蘇醒，belong to屬于，search for搜……，ask … for … 尋找，use … for用作，leave for前往，take … for誤以為，call of倡導(dǎo)，wait for等待，care for喜歡，make up for彌補(bǔ)損失，turn to求助（救）于，help oneself to隨意，agree to同意，compare … to把……比作，send for派人去請(qǐng)（拿）……，sail for駛向，航向，set out for動(dòng)身去，go in for愛好……。
?。?）常見“形容詞 + 介詞”搭配。
of擔(dān)心……
about / at sth.
afraid
angry
for 替……而擔(dān)心
with sb.
for sth.渴望……
different from與……不同
amxious
about sth. / sb擔(dān)心……
different to … 不關(guān)心……
of討厭
with sb.
tired
strict
from/ with因……疲倦
in sth.要求嚴(yán)格
at擅長(zhǎng)
with sb.受……歡迎
good for對(duì)……有益
popular in some place流行在……
of sb. to do so友好
for … 因……而流行
with + 名詞或what從句
pleased
helpful to對(duì)……有幫助
at + 抽象名詞（聽 / 看到……而高興）
to sb.為人所知
known
for因……而出名
be familiar with熟悉
as作為……出名
be familiar to為……熟知（悉）
sorry for … 替……后悔
disappointed at sth.失望
from缺席
rich in富有……
absent
in離開此地去了……
worthy of值得的，glad about sth. for sb.為某人某事高興，far from離……遠(yuǎn)，grateful for sth. to sb.為某事感激某人，free from沒有……（免除……），proud of(take pride in)自豪，satisfied with (by)滿意，sure of / about確信，fond of喜歡，fit for適合，busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙著干某事，full of充滿，ready for準(zhǔn)備，similar to相似，wrong with不對(duì)；有毛病……
?。?）“名詞 + 介詞”要注意習(xí)慣搭配和意義區(qū)分。
the absence of water缺水
the hope of success成功的希望
have a chance of (for) entering college上大學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì)
take pride in them為他們感到驕傲
the key to the question問題的答案
a medicine for cough治咳嗽的藥
the ticket for tomorrow明天的票
in Beijing去了北京
his abesence
from Beijing不在北京
to study學(xué)習(xí)方法
the way
of studying maths學(xué)習(xí)教學(xué)的方法
3、核心介詞用法歸納與辨析
（1）表示時(shí)間的介詞in的用法如下。
表示在某一較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)，如世紀(jì)、年、月、季、周等一般用介詞in，
如：in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。
還可以用時(shí)段名詞組成固定短語或詞組。如：in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意：
?、賏t night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night（大夜間）。
?、趇n five days（weeks, months, years）中in意思是“在……以后”。
?、踚n和during表一段時(shí)間內(nèi)兩詞可互用。如：in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有區(qū)別：當(dāng)接表示“活動(dòng)”的抽象名詞時(shí)多用during，接“活動(dòng)”的動(dòng)名詞及短語時(shí)用in。如：
during the discussion
in discussing the problem
during her stay in Hubei
in playing basketball
during the course of
in digging the tunnel
?。?）在具體的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。
on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morning
on Christmas Day(但at Chrismas),on Christmas Eve, on
Children’s Day
on March 8, on the morning (afternoon, evening)of Oct.1
early on the morning of Oct.1(區(qū)別：in the late / early morning of Oct.1)
on a rainy night, on warm winter days
(3)表示某一時(shí)刻或某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間用at,如小時(shí)、分鐘等。
at breakfast(supper, lunch),at six
at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn)
at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble。
注意：有些時(shí)間名詞前不接介詞。如：
next day、last Sunday、that morning、these years
one、each、any、every、some、all修飾時(shí),一般不用介詞,如some day
one day、yesterday / afternoon,the night before
?。?）till、until、to的用法。
①till(until)與持續(xù)動(dòng)詞連用一般用于肯定句中，與短暫動(dòng)詞連用一般用在否定句中。如：
He waited for me till twelve o’clock.
He didn’t get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用to).
但注意：在句首出現(xiàn)或強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中一般不用till而用until。如：
Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.
②to表“終結(jié)”時(shí)常用和from連用，但要注意不與from連用時(shí)的意
義。如：from July to September, from six to(till)eight（從……到……為止），但from morning till night（從早到晚），不能用to。from … to常構(gòu)成習(xí)慣搭配，不可換用其他介詞。（A）表持久連續(xù)、傳遞、轉(zhuǎn)移的含義。from time to time(不時(shí)，有時(shí))，from day to day?(天天),from hand to hand(不斷傳下去)，from place to place（處處，到處），from side to side(左右搖擺)，from door to door（家家戶戶），from house to house（挨家挨戶），from shop to shop（一個(gè)商店接一個(gè)商店）。(B)表起始終止的全過程或程度加深、狀態(tài)變化。from beginning to end(從頭到尾，自始至終)（from the beginning to the end of…）;from hand to mouth()，from bad to worse(越來越糟)，from head to foot(從頭到腳),
from top to bottom（整個(gè)地，徹底地），from top to toe(全身)，from start to finish（自始至終，從頭到尾）。（C）from one + 名詞 + to another表示“依次”。如from one car to another（順著車廂依次地）。（D）名詞 + by + 同一單數(shù)名詞，表示“一個(gè)一個(gè)地”，要與from … to短語區(qū)別開：one by one 一個(gè)一個(gè)地；little by little(bit)一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地；step by step 一步一步地，逐漸地（但by and by 不久以后）；sentence by sentence逐句地；day by day一天一天地；side by side(with…)(和……)并肩，一起；shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地，齊心協(xié)力；hand in hand 手拉手，緊緊地;face to face面對(duì)面。
?。?）in、after、later
?、賗n + 一段時(shí)間：表示說話時(shí)為起點(diǎn)一段時(shí)間之后，與一般將來時(shí)連用；但表示“在……之內(nèi)”時(shí)，用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。
?、谝欢螘r(shí)間 + later(later是副詞)：表示某一具體時(shí)間或某一方面具體時(shí)間算起的一段時(shí)間后。
?、踑fter + 一段時(shí)間表示：“在……之后”，用于一般過去時(shí)；但時(shí)間為點(diǎn)時(shí)間時(shí)，只能用after,即after + 點(diǎn)時(shí)間，用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。
The doctor will be with us in six minutes.
She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.
He received her letter after four weeks.
另外，in + 一段時(shí)間 + ’s + time 與 within + 一段時(shí)間的用法如下：
in a week’s time = in a week
They will arrive in three days’ time.(與將來時(shí)連用)
My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.（作表語）
I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than…用于各種時(shí)態(tài)，不超出，在……之內(nèi))
?。?）地點(diǎn)介詞at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。
?、賏t 在較小的場(chǎng)所，in在較大的場(chǎng)所，on在……的平面上。如at the
door、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。
?、趏n、at、in還可以表示兩地相對(duì)位置。若A地屬于B地，用in;A地位于B地的外面且有邊緣銜接用on；無邊緣的銜接有to。如：
Japan lies to the east of China.(范圍之外)
Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.（范圍之外）
Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗鄰)
The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距離)
?、鄣攸c(diǎn)介詞的引申、比喻意義：in the sun在陽光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗中，in the dark不知道，in freezing weather在嚴(yán)寒天氣中，in the mud在泥中，in the earth在地下,in the desert在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中，in the snow / wind在雪/風(fēng)中,in public 當(dāng)眾，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble陷入困境，out of trouble擺脫困難，beyond hope絕望。
④across在物體表面“穿過”；through則表示在三維空間內(nèi)部“穿過”。如：
They walked across the playground.
I walked through the forest.
⑤over / under / above / below。
over、above譯作“在……之上”；under、below譯作“在……的下面”，其區(qū)別在于over、under表示一種直接的、垂直的上下關(guān)系；而above、below則表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如：
A little boat is now under the bridge.
There is a bridge over the river.
The sun sinks below the horizon(地平線)
The window is well above the tree.
⑥表示地點(diǎn)介詞的靜態(tài)性和動(dòng)態(tài)性
He walked to the station（）e walked towards the station.(動(dòng)態(tài)，只表示方向)
He is kind to (towards)us.（兩者通用）
He is at the station.(靜態(tài)，表示地點(diǎn))
They arrived at the station.(動(dòng)態(tài)，表示地點(diǎn))
He swam away from the ship.(動(dòng)態(tài)“離開”)
He stood away from the shop.(靜態(tài)“遠(yuǎn)離”)
He fell onto the floor.(動(dòng)態(tài)“到地面”)
The city is on the Changjiang River.(靜態(tài)“平面”)
Go off the road.偏離了道路（）ome along the river.沿著河過來（線）
across the fields 跨過田野……，over the desert跨越沙漠
across the river橫跨這條河……，over the hill翻過這座山
be in the house(靜態(tài)，在這里……)stay out of the car(靜態(tài)，在……外)
go into the house(動(dòng)態(tài)，進(jìn)入)fly out of the country(動(dòng)態(tài)，離開)
?。?）表示方式、手段、工具的介詞
①by the year/hour/day按年/小時(shí)/天。如He rent a house by the year(day,hour).(按by+the+單位名稱)但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按噸計(jì)。
?、诒矸褐傅姆绞?、手段
by post/mail郵寄，by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(電訊器材)，by electricity用電，by machinery用電器，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop
?、劢煌üぞ哳?/p>
by bus/train/car/taxi(road)
by bike/bicycle,on horse back/on foot
by plane/jet/spaceship,by air
by ship/boat/lifeboat,by sea/by water
另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 經(jīng)由，取道于，用……方法，with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.’s help (permis-
sion)。
?、鼙矸绞?、手段的其他用法
He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具機(jī)器)
