浙江省金華市孝順高級(jí)中學(xué)2024屆高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題復(fù)習(xí)：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞三步解題法
遇到有關(guān)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單選題，可以根據(jù)句中的搭配結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)的主被動(dòng)形式和非謂語(yǔ)的“時(shí)態(tài)”三個(gè)角度，從語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)到語(yǔ)義由簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜依次排選。
第一步：根據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)形式在句中可作的成分來(lái)分析空白處可填入的非謂語(yǔ)形式，看能否在不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞幾個(gè)形式之間先排除一個(gè)或幾個(gè)。
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中可作成分一覽表
主語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ) 賓補(bǔ)
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
分詞
√ √ √ √
動(dòng)名詞 √ √ √ √
注：1).the(分詞也可用作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)；
2).現(xiàn)在分詞完成式不作定語(yǔ)。
非謂語(yǔ)形式作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，除“the(分詞”外一般只能用不定式或動(dòng)名詞。其中不定式作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)要使用“特殊疑問詞(不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：1).It’s very kind of you to help us.
2).Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
3).The driver failed to see other cars at the moment .
4).Please show us how to do that.
作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式表示目的以及so/as(to do和(only)to do中的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，其它狀語(yǔ)都用分詞來(lái)表示。
例如：1).To sleep late the next morning,he turned off the alarm clock.
?。ā胺侵^語(yǔ)(主句”模式中，非謂語(yǔ)在句首而且由逗號(hào)與主句隔開，此句中的不定式只作目的狀語(yǔ)；此時(shí)的分詞表示時(shí)間、原因或條件狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)分詞前可加when,while,if,before, after,as和though等連詞，如：①Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. ②When asked,never be silent.）
2).He came here only to say good-bye to us.
?。ú欢ㄊ皆诰渲凶髂康臓钫Z(yǔ)時(shí)它前面不能用逗號(hào)）
3).He spoke a lot at the conference,only to show his ignorance on the topic.
?。ú欢ㄊ皆谥骶渲?，又有逗號(hào)與主句隔開時(shí)常用(only)to do形式表示出乎主語(yǔ)意料的結(jié)果）
第二步：在第一步的基礎(chǔ)上從非謂語(yǔ)的主被動(dòng)形式這個(gè)角度進(jìn)行篩選。
非謂語(yǔ)用作主語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般根據(jù)它們的邏輯主語(yǔ)來(lái)判斷主被動(dòng)形式的選用；若無(wú)邏輯主語(yǔ)，則以主句主語(yǔ)為判斷對(duì)象。
例如：1).Using the dictionary,I found it of great use.
?。ㄗ鳡钫Z(yǔ)的分詞邏輯主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)相同時(shí)，邏輯主語(yǔ)常省去）
2).It’s so nice to hear your voice.
3).Seeing is believing.
?。ú粠н壿嬛髡Z(yǔ)的不定式或動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，通?？醋鞯谝蝗朔Q的邏輯主語(yǔ)省略）
注意以下特殊情況中非謂語(yǔ)一律用主動(dòng)式：
?、僦髡Z(yǔ)(系動(dòng)詞(形容詞(不定式
?、趎eed/want/require(需要) (doing
?、踒e worth doing
2).We have a room to be painted.Where can we find a worker?
(當(dāng)句中出現(xiàn)了作定語(yǔ)的不定式動(dòng)詞的執(zhí)行者時(shí)用主動(dòng)式，否則用被動(dòng)式)
作賓補(bǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)主被動(dòng)形式要根據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系來(lái)確定。
例如：1).Don’t have the water running like that.
2).She sat alone in the room,with her eyes fixed on the ceiling.
第三步：經(jīng)過(guò)第一、二兩步分析仍未能作出最后選擇時(shí)，可能會(huì)剩下不定式和分詞內(nèi)部不同的式之間的選擇，即非謂語(yǔ)的“時(shí)態(tài)”，這時(shí)可通過(guò)比較非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所發(fā)生的先后來(lái)判別。
不定式的一般式to do/to be done常用在
?、俦硎痉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之后；
例如：1).I hope to see you again soon.
2).Who do you think our teacher will have work on the wall-newspaper?
?、诒硎九c謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的一個(gè)全過(guò)程動(dòng)作或謂語(yǔ)當(dāng)時(shí)所處的狀態(tài)。
例如：4).Have you seen a little boy go into the house?
5).He seems to know that.
2．不定式的進(jìn)行式to be doing 和現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式doing/being done只用來(lái)表示非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生。
例如：1).The secretary worked late into the night, preparaing the long speech for the president.
2).They pretended to be sleeping when Mother came in.
3．不定式完成式to have done/to have been done和現(xiàn)在分詞完成式having done/having been done均表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之前。
例如：1).He is said to have left.
2).Not having heard from him,I wrote to him again.
4．詞常表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之前而及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞則可以指發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之前或與謂語(yǔ)同時(shí)的狀態(tài)。
例如：1).fallen leaves/a burnt-out match
2).The thief was brought in,with his hands tied behind.
若非謂語(yǔ)形式正確而詞義仍不同者則需從句義來(lái)考慮。
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。?? 1.動(dòng)詞不定式?? 例1：A?lot?of?young?people?are?learning?to?drive?cars.?(同時(shí)發(fā)生)?? 例2：All?of?us?expected?to?discover?a?new?oil?field.?(非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在后)?? 例3：He?is?said?to?have?studied?English?for?three?years.?(非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前)?? 注：動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式有時(shí)用在intended,?expected,?meant,?were?to,?was?to等過(guò)去式的動(dòng)詞后面，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。例如：?? 1)I?meant?to?have?sent?the?book?to?you?by?mail.?（我本想把這本書郵寄給你的。）?? 2)He?was?to?have?been?the?new?ambassador,?but?he?fell?ill.?(他原是要任新大使的，但是他病了。)?? 2.動(dòng)名詞?? 例1：I?am?thinking?of?getting?a?new?dictionary.?(非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在后)?? 例2：We?enjoy?watching?colour?TV.?(與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí))?? 例3：He?forgot?having?promised?to?write?things?for?us.?（非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前。）?? 3.分詞?? 例1：Singing?a?song,?he?came?into?the?room.?（非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生）?? 例2：Having?written?his?composition,?he?went?to?have?a?heart?to?heart?talk?with?Wang.?(非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前)?? 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的比較?? 1.動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式在用法上的比較?? (1)一般說(shuō)來(lái)動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作在意義上是比較抽象的、一般的，時(shí)間概念不強(qiáng)，不是指某一次的動(dòng)作；而動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的動(dòng)作則往往是具體的一次行為。例如：?? 1）I?like?swimming,?but?I?don’t?like?to?swim?today.?? 2)?They?prefer?staying?indoors?when?the?weather?is?cold.?? 3)?Would?you?prefer?to?stay?at?home?this?evening??? (2)動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，常常是句子的主語(yǔ)或句中的某個(gè)詞；而動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)可能是句子主語(yǔ)或句中某個(gè)詞，也可能是泛指一般人物，在句子里是找不著的。例如：?? 1）I?hate?to?be?sitting?idle.?(我不想閑坐著。)（指自己）?? 2）I?hate?saying?nothing?at?a?meeting?but?gossiping?afterwards.?(我不喜歡開會(huì)不說(shuō)會(huì)后亂說(shuō)。)（可能指自己，也可能泛指一般人）?? (3)有些詞后既可接動(dòng)名詞亦...
1不定式作賓語(yǔ) 1) 動(dòng)詞+ 不定式? afford aim appearagree arrangeask be decide bothercarechoose come dare demand desiredetermine expect electendeavor hope fail happen helphesitate learn long mean manage offer ought planprepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake ? The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機(jī)沒能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。 2）動(dòng)詞+不定式 ； 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish… I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。 3） 動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+ to? decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。 注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 The question is how to put it into practice.
問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。 2 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)? 1) 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式(to do) advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enableencourage find forbid force guess hireimagineimpel induce informinstructinvite judge know like order permitpersuade remind reportrequest requireselect send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！? b. We believe him to be guilty.
我們相信他是有罪的。 Find 的特殊用法：? Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語(yǔ)，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。 I found him lying on the ground.
?I found it important to learn.?
I found that to learn English is important. The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead. ? A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 答案：A.find的賓語(yǔ)后面，用分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)，起賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。 2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。 Acknowledge, believe, consider,think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel find, guess, judge ,imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show ,suppose, take(以為), understand? We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented ? 答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說(shuō)明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。 3) to be +形容詞 Seem, appear, be said,be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean… The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人們認(rèn)為這本書沒什么意思。 4) there be+不定式 believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。 注意 ： 有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語(yǔ)做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。 Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。? 3 不定式主語(yǔ)? 1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了 easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last,the best, too much, too little, not enough It's so nice to hear your voice. 聽到你的聲音真高興。 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。 2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們，他真好。 Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的) 例句: It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。 注意：1) 其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用It is… to…的句型 (對(duì))To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。 4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.? 1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等： It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門外語(yǔ)是很難的。? 2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 It's very nice of you to help me. 你來(lái)幫助我，你真是太好了。 for 與of 的辨別方法： 用介詞后面的代詞作主語(yǔ)，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ)，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如： You are nice. (通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。 He is hard. (人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)? 5 不定式作表語(yǔ)? 不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，形成表語(yǔ)。例如： My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor. 6 不定式作定語(yǔ)? 不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如： I have a lot of work to do. So he made some candles to give light. 7 不定式作狀語(yǔ)? 1）目的狀語(yǔ) To… only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來(lái)僅僅是向你告別。 2）作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，表事先沒有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。 What have I said to make you angry. He searched the room only to find nothing. 3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 答案：B. 如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí)，常位于"形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。? 8 用作介詞的to? to 有兩種用法： 一為不定式+動(dòng)詞原形； 一為介詞+名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動(dòng)名詞： admit to承認(rèn)， confess to承認(rèn)， be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于， be used to 習(xí)慣于， stick to 堅(jiān)持， turn to開始，著手于， devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意 9 省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式? 1） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外，ought to)： 2） 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make： 3） 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。 注意：在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance.?
=He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night. 4） would rather，had better： 5） Why… / why not…： 6） help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth： 7） but和except：but前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。 8） 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)to 可以省去： 9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be： ? He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。 舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out. 比較： He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 典型例題 1) ---- I usually go there by train. ?---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 答案：D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。 2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning? 答案：B. make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí)，to 不可省略。? 10 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式? Tell him not to shut the window… ? She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過(guò)的時(shí)候，她假裝沒看見。 典型例題 1）Tell him ___ the window. ? A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth. 2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by. ? A. not to see B. not seeingC. to not see D. having not seen ? 答案：A。 pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。 3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never. 4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____. A. not toB. not to doC. not do it ?D. do not to? 答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式?？梢灾挥胻o這個(gè)詞，而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等，否則不對(duì)，因此B，D不對(duì)。 5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation. ? A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動(dòng)，否定形式為be warned not to do。? 11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…? 1）too…to 太…以至于… He is too excited to speak.?他太激動(dòng)了，說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。 I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝您。 2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定， too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義，意 為"不太"。 It's never too late to mend. (諺語(yǔ))改過(guò)不嫌晚。 3) 當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí)，意思是：非?！?等于very。 I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。? 12 不定式的特殊句型so as to? 1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.? 輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。 2) so kind as to ---勞駕 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time??勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。? 13 不定式的特殊句型Why not? "Why not +動(dòng)詞原形"表達(dá)向某人提出建議，翻譯為："為什么不……?" "干嗎不……?" 例如：
Why not take a holiday?干嗎不去度假? 14 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)? 時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 一般式 to doto be done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing 1) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。 He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。 2) 完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold. 3) 進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 He seems to be eating something. 4) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：? She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.? 15 動(dòng)名詞與不定式? 1） 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別： 動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的 不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的 2） 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同。? 3） 動(dòng)名詞與不定式語(yǔ)義不同的有11 組： 1 stop to do stop doing ?
2 forget to do forget doing 3 remember to do remember doing4 regret to do regret doing 5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to dotry doing 7 go on to do go on doing8 afraid to do afraid doing? 9 interested to dointerested doing
10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
2. 過(guò)去分詞的語(yǔ)法作用： 過(guò)去分詞一方面具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞或副詞，在句中可以作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 1) 過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)，主要表示主語(yǔ)的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài)。如： Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那個(gè)杯子，它是壞的。 He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜歡那禮服的式樣。 2) 過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)： 單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在名詞的前面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如： The excited people rushed into the building. 激動(dòng)的人們奔進(jìn)了大樓。 We need more qualified teachers. 我們需要更多合格的教師。 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)通常放在被修飾的詞后面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如： Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活動(dòng)嗎？ The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外國(guó)專家提出來(lái)的建議被經(jīng)理采納了。 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)也可用作非限制性定語(yǔ)，前后用逗號(hào)隔開。如： The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.這些書是魯迅寫的，受到了許多中國(guó)人民的喜愛。 The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 這次會(huì)議獲得很大的成功，共有一千個(gè)學(xué)生出席了。 3) 過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)： 過(guò)去分詞和-ing分詞作狀語(yǔ)一樣，也可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。 ①表時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞前可加連詞when或while來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念。如： Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 從山頂上看，這個(gè)城市就像一個(gè)大花園。 Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party. 入黨以后，他決定獻(xiàn)身于黨的事業(yè)。 ②表原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。如： Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other. 激動(dòng)的人們被那個(gè)故事深深地感動(dòng)了，停止了爭(zhēng)吵。 Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle. 受到了講演的鼓舞，年輕人決定起來(lái)從事斗爭(zhēng)。 ③表?xiàng)l件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞前可用if等詞。如： Given another chance, he will do better.再給他一次機(jī)會(huì)，他會(huì)做得更好。 Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English. 和你哥哥相比，你應(yīng)該更加努力學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。 If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加熱，會(huì)變成水蒸氣。 ④表讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。如： Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 盡管已經(jīng)跑得筋疲力盡，他們還是繼續(xù)追趕著那個(gè)強(qiáng)盜。 Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 盡管被許多人嘲笑，他還是繼續(xù)他的研究。 ⑤表方式或伴隨情況。如： The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.那個(gè)老人在他的妻子的攙扶下走進(jìn)了房間。 Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父親坐在桌子旁邊討論著我的工作問題。 4) 過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)： 過(guò)去分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等詞后與一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如： When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么時(shí)候去醫(yī)院檢查你的牙齒？ When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard. 當(dāng)你在作報(bào)告時(shí)，你應(yīng)該講響一點(diǎn)使自己被人聽清。 當(dāng)這類句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，過(guò)去分詞用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如： One of the glasses was found broken. 有人發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)杯子破了。 They should be kept informed of the situation there. 應(yīng)該讓他們知道那兒的形勢(shì)。 二、特別提醒 1. 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般必須和句子的主語(yǔ)相一致。如： When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.當(dāng)那個(gè)男孩被問到為何來(lái)這里時(shí)，他沉默不語(yǔ)。 Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 由于在農(nóng)村出生并長(zhǎng)大，他對(duì)生物很感興趣。 如果過(guò)去分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子主語(yǔ)不一致，必須使用過(guò)去分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
2. 動(dòng)詞have后所接的三種賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)： have somebody/something do something 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)必須省去to, 不定式動(dòng)作由賓語(yǔ)發(fā)出，表示一次性的動(dòng)作。如： I had the workers do the job for me. 我讓工人們替我完成了工作。 Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆經(jīng)常讓他的父親幫助做家庭作業(yè)。 have somebody /something doing something -ing分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，分詞動(dòng)作也由賓語(yǔ)發(fā)出，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)或正在進(jìn)行。如： They had the tractor working all the time. 他們讓拖拉機(jī)一直工作著。 We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that. 我們不能讓那個(gè)孩子那樣對(duì)他的媽媽說(shuō)話。 have somebody/something done 過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，通常有兩種情況： ①主語(yǔ)讓別人做某事，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)的意志。如： He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理發(fā)了。 Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.后來(lái)，這個(gè)中心讓人種了很多樹。 ②主語(yǔ)遭到某種不幸或陷入惡劣的環(huán)境，說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的一種無(wú)意識(shí)的被動(dòng)行為。如： He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比賽中摔斷了腿。 He had one eye lost in the war. 在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，他失去了一只眼睛。
3. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)的三種形式： the bridge to be built 將要建造的橋 （表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作） the bridge being built 正在建造的橋 （表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作） the bridge built 造好的橋 （表示完成的動(dòng)作）
