2024屆高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語(yǔ)法專題 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 外研版

　　語(yǔ)法專題二　動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)分為三時(shí)四體。三時(shí)指現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去和將來(lái)；四體指一般、進(jìn)行、完成和完成進(jìn)行。?？紩r(shí)態(tài)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和將來(lái)完成時(shí)等。動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)分為兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

　　考點(diǎn)一　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

　　1．表示一個(gè)習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性、現(xiàn)在反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

　　He always comes first.

　　2．表示永恒的狀態(tài)或真理。

　　The moon moves around the sun once every month.

　　3．在時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果主句中的動(dòng)詞用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句中的動(dòng)詞通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而不用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。

　　We'll stay at home if it rains.

　　4．動(dòng)詞go，come，start，begin，leave，arrive，return，be等的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，可用來(lái)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，表示事先已計(jì)劃或安排好的將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

　　The live football match starts at 9 o'clock this evening.

　　5．時(shí)間表、時(shí)刻表、日程表、節(jié)目單、課程表等按規(guī)定將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。

　　The train leaves at 8 o'clock.

　　考點(diǎn)二　一般將來(lái)時(shí)

　　1．be going to表示說(shuō)話者明確的打算或確信會(huì)發(fā)生，多用于口語(yǔ)。

　　1）表示現(xiàn)在打算或計(jì)劃將來(lái)要做的事。

　　I'm going to buy a new bike.

　　2）表示根據(jù)某種跡象認(rèn)為在最近或?qū)?lái)要發(fā)生的事。

　　It looks as if it is going to rain.

　　2．be to表示安排好要發(fā)生或命令做什么。

　　1）表示預(yù)先安排好的計(jì)劃或約定。

　　I am to meet Tom this evening.

　　2）表示說(shuō)話人的意志、意圖、職責(zé)、義務(wù)、命令。

　　We are to take care of the children.

　　3）表示注定要發(fā)生的事情。

　　Her plan is to be a failure.

　　3．be about to 表示一個(gè)眼下就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，不與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，可與when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句連用。

　　They were about to leave when their parents came.

　　4．will 多表示說(shuō)話時(shí)才做出的決定。be going to 表示事先經(jīng)過(guò)考慮或做好安排的將來(lái)。

　　—You have left the light on.

　　—Oh，so I have.I will go and turn it off.

　　考點(diǎn)三　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　1．go，come，leave，arrive，return，stop，start，begin等動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

　　I am meeting my teacher tonight.

　　2．與always，constantly，forever，continually，all the time等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說(shuō)話人的主觀色彩，表示不滿、抱怨或者贊賞等感情色彩。

　　Tom is always coming late.

　　3．下面四類(lèi)動(dòng)詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。

　　1）表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動(dòng)詞：like，love，hate，care，remember，believe，want，mind，wish，agree，mean，need等。

　　2）表存在的狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：appear，exist，lie，remain，seem，belong to，depend on等。

　　3）表示短暫性、一次性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞：allow，accept，permit，promise，admit，complete等。

　　4）感官動(dòng)詞：see，hear，notice，feel，smell，sound，taste，look等。

　　考點(diǎn)四　過(guò)去完成時(shí)

　　1．表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作之前已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，也可以表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去的另一時(shí)間，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。

　　When Jack arrived，Mary had been out for almost an hour.

　　2．表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式接不定式完成式表示，即：hoped/planned...＋to have done。

　　I had hoped to send him a Christmas card，but I forgot to do so.

　　考點(diǎn)五　現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“have/has been＋現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，用來(lái)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（還要繼續(xù)下去）的動(dòng)作，它具備“未完性、暫時(shí)性、感情色彩”等特點(diǎn)。

　　He has been teaching in our school for 5 years.（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行）

　　It has been raining for 2 days.（表達(dá)說(shuō)話者“抱怨”的感情色彩）

　　考點(diǎn)六　幾組時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別

　　1．一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

　　時(shí)間上有差異：凡有過(guò)去時(shí)間的均用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，不能用完成時(shí)態(tài)，如含有ago，last year，just now，the other day等。

　　結(jié)果上有差異：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)“現(xiàn)在”的影響和結(jié)果，動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在剛完成或還在繼續(xù)；一般過(guò)去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過(guò)去”，和現(xiàn)在毫無(wú)關(guān)系。

　　I came to Beijing last year，and have been here since then.

　　2．一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

　　這兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)都和現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有關(guān)系，都表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作。但一般過(guò)去時(shí)只涉及一個(gè)純過(guò)去的動(dòng)作；而過(guò)去完成時(shí)指的是相對(duì)于過(guò)去的某一特定時(shí)間，更早發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，即過(guò)去完成時(shí)至少涉及兩個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作。

　　When I got to the party，many of them had left for home.

　　3．一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

　　盡管二者所表示的動(dòng)作都發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但一般過(guò)去時(shí)著重強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，表示已經(jīng)結(jié)束。而過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)僅表示過(guò)去某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間上，一個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，有什么樣的結(jié)果不得而知。

　　He wrote three letters last night.（表示他寫(xiě)了三封信，暗指都已寫(xiě)完。）

　　He was writing a letter at 9：00 last night.（表示當(dāng)時(shí)他在寫(xiě)信，后來(lái)是否寫(xiě)完就未知了。）

　　4．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

　　1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作已完成，著重結(jié)果；現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是持續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作仍在繼續(xù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性。

　　I have painted my new house.（強(qiáng)調(diào)已完成）

　　I have been painting my new house.（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作還在繼續(xù)）

　　2）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作的反復(fù)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般不表示反復(fù)性。

　　Have you been meeting our teacher these days？（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的反復(fù)）

　　Have you met our teacher recently？（強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果）

　　考點(diǎn)七　固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的時(shí)態(tài)

　　1．hardly/scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...句型中，主句中用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

　　No sooner had he rushed out than the house fell down.

　　2．since，in the last/past＋一段時(shí)間，so far，recently常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)搭配。

　　Great changes have taken place in the last few years.

　　3．This/That/It is/was the first/second...time＋that從句，若主句中為is，則從句時(shí)態(tài)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，若為was，則從句時(shí)態(tài)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

　　It was the second time that I had visited Shanghai.

　　4．“by＋時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)”要與完成時(shí)搭配使用。

　　You will have learned about 3,000 words by the next month.

　　考點(diǎn)八　主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義

　　1．表示狀態(tài)特征的系動(dòng)詞，如look，sound，feel，smell，taste，prove，appear等構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　The soup smells good but tastes terrible.

　　2．表示主語(yǔ)某種屬性、特征的動(dòng)詞，如read，write，sell，wash，clean，wear，shut，dry等。

　　This kind of material washes easily.

　　3．表示開(kāi)始、結(jié)束、運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，run等。

　　The shop closes at 6 p．m.every day.

　　考點(diǎn)九　動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)分為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，也就是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，所以只有及物動(dòng)詞和及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。

　　In some parts of the world，tea is served with milk and sugar.

　　1．“be＋過(guò)去分詞＋不定式”構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　He is reported to have broken a world record.

　　2．“It＋be＋過(guò)去分詞＋從句”式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　It's said that they have discovered a new star. 3．“get＋done”構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　get married 結(jié)婚；get hurt受傷；get lost迷路；get caught/stuck/trapped被困

　　1．（2024·課標(biāo)全國(guó)高考）“Life is like walking in the snow，”Granny used to say，“because every step ______.”

　　A．has shown　B．is showing

　　C．shows

　　D．showed

　　2．（2024·課標(biāo)全國(guó)高考）I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers ______ before my eyes.

　　A．swim

　　B．swum

　　C．swam

　　D．had swum

　　3．（2024·全國(guó)高考Ⅱ）—Did you ask Sophia for help?

　　—I ______ need to—I managed perfectly well on my own.

　　A．wouldn't

　　B．don't

　　C．didn't

　　D．won't

　　4．（2024·全國(guó)高考Ⅱ）The manager ______ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.

　　A．has told

　　B．is telling

　　C．has been telling

　　D．will have told

　　5．（2024·北京高考）By the time you have finished this book，your meal ______ cold.

　　A．gets

　　B．has got

　　C．will get

　　D．is getting

　　6．（2024·北京高考）George said that he would come to school to see me the next day，but he ______.

　　A．wouldn't

　　B．didn't

　　C．hasn't

　　D．hadn't

　　7．（2024·北京高考）— Have you heard about that fire in the market?

　　— Yes，fortunately no one ______.

　　A．hurt

　　B．was hurt

　　C．has hurt

　　D．had been hurt

　　8．（2024·北京高考）Our friendship ______ quickly over the weeks that followed.

　　A．had developed

　　B．was developing

　　C．would develop

　　D．developed

　　9．（2024·天津高考）The letters for the boss ______ on his desk but he didn't read them until three days later.

　　A．were put

　　B．was put

　　C．put

　　D．has put10．（2024·天津高考）The three of us ______ around Europe for about a month last summer.

　　A．travelled

　　B．have travelled

　　C．had travelled

　　D．travel

　　11．（2024·上海高考）Is honesty the best policy？We ______ that it is when we are little.

　　A．will teach

　　B．teach

　　C．a(chǎn)re taught

　　D．will be taught

　　12．（2024·上海高考）—I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.

　　—I know.By next month，he ______ enough for a used one.

　　A．will have saved

　　B．will be saving

　　C．has saved

　　D．saves

　　13．（2024·重慶高考）— Kevin，you look worried.Anything wrong?

　　— Well，I ______ a test and I'm waiting for the result.

　　A．will take

　　B．took

　　C．had taken

　　D．take

　　14．（2024·浙江高考）—Alvin，are you coming with us?

　　—I'd love to，but something unexpected ______.

　　A．has come up

　　B．was coming up

　　C．had come up

　　D．would come up

　　15．（2024·安徽高考）In order to find the missing child，villagers ______ all they can over the past five hours.

　　A．did

　　B．do

　　C．had done

　　D．have been doing

　　16．（2024·安徽高考）Walmart，which is one of the largest American supermarket chains，______ some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.

　　A．keeps

　　B．keep

　　C．have kept

　　D．had kept

　　17．（2024·安徽高考）After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading，only to be told that it ______.

　　A．was decorated

　　B．had decorated

　　C．had been decorating

　　D．was being decorated

　　18．（2024·福建高考）—When did the computer crash?

　　—This morning，while I ______ the reading materials downloaded from some websites.

　　A．have sorted

　　B．was sorting

　　C．a(chǎn)m sorting

　　D．had sorted

　　19．（2024·湖南高考）Don't worry.The hard work that you do now ______ later in life.

　　A．will be repaid

　　B．was being repaid

　　C．has been repaid

　　D．was repaid

　　20．（2024·湖南高考）Close the door of fear behind you，and you ______ the door of faith open before you.

　　A．saw

　　B．have seen

　　C．will see

　　D．a(chǎn)re seeing

　　21．（2024·湖南高考）“The moment ______ soon，”he thought to himself，waiting nervously.

　　A．came

　　B．has comeC．was coming

　　D．is coming

　　22．（2024·江蘇高考）The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he ______ some European business partners.

　　A．would meet

　　B．is meetingC．meets

　　D．had met

　　23．（2024·湖南高考）—I remember you were a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me?

　　—Sorry，I ______ the piano for years.

　　A．don't play

　　B．wasn't playing

　　C．haven't played

　　D．hadn't played

　　24．（2024·江蘇高考）The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he ______.

　　A．has started

　　B．starts

　　C．started

　　D．will start

　　25．（2024·江西高考）—Look！Somebody ______ the sofa.

　　—Well，it wasn't me.I didn't do it.

　　A．is cleaning

　　B．was cleaning

　　C．has cleaned

　　D．had cleaned

　　26．（2024·遼寧高考）I feel so excited！At this time tomorrow morning I ______ to Shanghai.

　　A．will be flying

　　B．will fly

　　C．have been flying

　　D．have flown

　　27．（2024·遼寧高考）Mum，I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I ______ on Friday.