2008年高考英語應(yīng)對(duì)策略與基礎(chǔ)寫作指導(dǎo)
第一講 記敘文：如何寫人
一、寫作指導(dǎo)
高考英語基礎(chǔ)寫作中的寫人側(cè)重人物的介紹，可以用第一人稱(如寫求職信)，也可以用第三人稱，時(shí)態(tài)常常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)，具體的人稱和時(shí)態(tài)要依據(jù)寫作的要求來確定。寫作過程中要注意以下幾個(gè)方面的問題：
1．人物寫作通常需要介紹人物的姓名、年齡、外貌、學(xué)歷、經(jīng)歷、專業(yè)、愛好、特長(zhǎng)、事跡、性格等多個(gè)方面，但英語基礎(chǔ)寫作需要嚴(yán)格按照寫作要求來寫，包括所給的全部信息點(diǎn)，既不能遺漏，也不能隨意添加。
2．對(duì)題目所給的信息要進(jìn)行適當(dāng)重組，安排好寫作順序，突出重點(diǎn)信息。重點(diǎn)信息通常是寫作的目的所在，比如求職要重點(diǎn)突出學(xué)歷、經(jīng)歷，資訊報(bào)道要重點(diǎn)突出事跡，介紹自己的老師、朋友要突出他們的特點(diǎn)，等等。
3．正確運(yùn)用描寫人物的詞匯和句型。
4．注意運(yùn)用正確的時(shí)態(tài)。描寫人物的外貌、性格、興趣等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而描寫人物的出生、教育背景、經(jīng)歷、事跡常用一般過去時(shí)。
二、常用詞語
外貌特征：beautiful, big nose, black eyes，fat, good-looking，handsome, healthy, near-sighted，ordinary-looking， pretty，short，strong, tall， thin, with a big nose, with a big smile, white-haired，1.80 metres tall, etc.
性格特點(diǎn)：absent-minded, attractive，bad-tempered，be ready to help others, bright，charming，confident, diligent，friendly, generous, have a good temper, humorous，independent, kind, kind-hearted，lazy，narrow-minded, naughty，patient，think of others, smart，talkative， warm-hearted，wise，etc.
出生年齡：a twenty-five-year-old young man, as a boy of 15, at the age of 20, be born on February 12th, 1987 , during his childhood, in one’s fifties, live a happy/ hard life, spend his childhood in the countryside, the son of a poor family, when he was a small boy, etc.
興趣愛好：be angry with sb for sth, be angry about, be delighted in doing, be good at singing, be interested in English, be fond of music, be crazy about, be pleased with, be sick for, be sorry for, be strict in one’s work, be worried about, do well in his research work, ,enjoy doing, expect to do, feel surprised at, have a strong desire to do, look forward to doing sth., long for (long to do), make rapid progress in, put one’s heart into, take a pleasure in doing; wish to do, work hard at his studies, etc.
教育背景： be admitted to Beijing University, be enrolled in, fail in the test, get a master’s degree, get on well with one’s lessons, give sb. a passing grade, go abroad to further one’s study, graduate from Physics Department of Qinghua University, his father was very strict with him, lay a good foundation in English, major in history, receive a doctor’s degree, pass the examination, study hard at, take several courses at school, take an active part in class，when at college, etc.
經(jīng)歷事跡： become a member of the team, concentrate oneself to doing sth., devote oneself to one’s business, do sth with great determination and perseverance, do research into this field, encourage sb to do sth, fight for our revolutionary course, give up one’s life for sth, have a good way of doing sth, have a talent for language, make up one’s mind to do sth., overcome many difficulties, receive the Nobel Prize for physics, serve as nurse, set a new world record of 110 metre hurdling, try one’s best to do sth., win the first prize in the competition, win a gold /silver/ bronze medal, etc.
他人評(píng)價(jià)：an inspiring leader, a model worker, an advanced teacher, be respected by all his students, be honored as, be considered as, be famous/known as, be regarded as, his hard work brought him great success, make great contributions to our country, one of the most important persons in the past ten years, consider sb. as a genius, consider sb. as the greatest leader, set a good example for all of us, speak highly of him, etc.
三、實(shí)例分析
【例1】 李華自我介紹
假設(shè)你是李華，申請(qǐng)到一家外資企業(yè)工作，你需要用英文給人事部經(jīng)理寫一封信，介紹自己的基本情況，簡(jiǎn)介信包括下表所列內(nèi)容：
姓名 李華 出生年月 1981年8月
出生地 廣東省佛山市
學(xué)歷 1994—2000 佛山第一中學(xué)
2000—2004 廣州大學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)系
2004—至今 在一家計(jì)算機(jī)公司工作
所學(xué)主要課程 計(jì)算機(jī)、中文、數(shù)學(xué)、英語、體育
特長(zhǎng)愛好 游泳（曾獲得過大學(xué)游泳比賽一等獎(jiǎng)），音樂
寫作要求：
1． 簡(jiǎn)介必須包括以上全部?jī)?nèi)容（信的開頭和結(jié)尾已經(jīng)寫好）；
2． 使用5個(gè)句子。
Dear Manager,
I am waiting for your reply.
Thank you.
Yours Truly,
Li Hua
寫作指導(dǎo)：
文體 記敘文，用第一人稱
信息組織 ①寫信目的，到貴公司工作；②姓名、出生地點(diǎn)、日期； ③學(xué)習(xí)簡(jiǎn)歷；④學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容，現(xiàn)在情況；⑤愛好和特長(zhǎng)
時(shí)態(tài) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)
參考范文：
Dear Manager,
I am writing you a letter in order to apply for a position in your company. My name is Li Hua and I was born in Foshan City of Guangdong Province in August 1981. I studied in Foshan No. 1 Middle School from 1994 - 2000, and then I came to study in the Computer Department of Guangzhou University for four years. I studied computer science, Chinese, maths, English, P.E, and now I am working for a computer company. I like pop music and swimming very much, and I once won the first prize for swimming in the school competition.
I am waiting for your reply.
Thank you.
Yours Truly,
Li Hua
【例 2】介紹姚明和劉翔
假設(shè)你是李華，正在美國參加學(xué)習(xí)，課堂上老師要求你簡(jiǎn)要介紹我國的名人，你選擇了姚明和劉翔，兩位體育明星，他們的基本情況如下：
姓名 姚明 劉翔
出生 1980年，上海 1983年，上海
事跡 世界著名籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員，現(xiàn)在美國NBA火箭隊(duì)效力，球隊(duì)主力隊(duì)員之一，多次進(jìn)入美國全明星隊(duì)。 多次獲得世界110米欄冠軍，2004年雅典奧運(yùn)會(huì)冠軍，不久以后還打破了世界記錄。
愛好 聽流行音樂 音樂，唱歌
寫作要求：
1． 簡(jiǎn)介必須包括以上全部?jī)?nèi)容（開頭已經(jīng)為你寫好）；
2． 使用5個(gè)句子。
3． 參考詞匯：火箭隊(duì) Rocket， 110米欄110-metre hurdling，雅典奧運(yùn)會(huì)——the Athens Olympic Games
Hi, everyone. I would like to introduce two famous sport stars, Yao Ming and Liu Xiang.
____________________________________________________________
That’s all. Thank you!
寫作指導(dǎo)：
文體 記敘文，用第三人稱
信息組織 有兩條線索：一是分別對(duì)比兩人的各項(xiàng)情況，二是先介紹姚明，再介紹劉翔。第二條線索比較好。
?、僖γ?，籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員，出生；②主力隊(duì)員，明星隊(duì)； ③劉翔，110米欄世界冠軍；④04雅典冠軍，打破記錄；⑤兩人的愛好。
時(shí)態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)
參考例文：
Hi, everyone. I would like to introduce two famous sport stars, Yao Ming and Liu Xiang. Yao Ming, born in Shanghai in 1980, is a world famous basketball player. He is now one of the best players in Team Rocket in NBA, and he has been in All-Star Team for several times. Liu Xiang, who was also born in Shanghai but three years younger than Yao Ming, is a world champion in the 110-metre hurdls. He won the first prize in the Athens Olympic Games and broke the world record soon after that. Both of them love music, but Yao Ming likes listening to pop music whilst Liu Xiang likes singing.
四、即時(shí)練習(xí)
1. 介紹同學(xué)
假設(shè)你是李華，學(xué)校網(wǎng)站英文版通訊員，最近學(xué)校網(wǎng)站準(zhǔn)備宣傳一些優(yōu)秀學(xué)生，請(qǐng)你用英文為李敏同學(xué)寫一篇簡(jiǎn)介，李敏同學(xué)的基本情況如下：
姓名 李敏 職務(wù) 高二（1）班班長(zhǎng)
特點(diǎn) 健康、活潑 愛好 體育活動(dòng)，唱歌跳舞
事跡 她各科成績(jī)都好，但她剛進(jìn)校時(shí)，英語學(xué)習(xí)有困難，經(jīng)過努力，成績(jī)上去了。2006年參加全國物理奧林匹克競(jìng)賽并獲得一等獎(jiǎng)。她嚴(yán)于律己，樂于助人。
寫作要求：
1． 簡(jiǎn)介必須包括以上全部?jī)?nèi)容；
2． 版面有限，只能使用5個(gè)句子。
寫作指導(dǎo)：
文體 記敘文，用第三人稱
信息組織 ①姓名、職務(wù)、特點(diǎn)；②愛好、成績(jī)； ③英語學(xué)習(xí)困難；④04物理競(jìng)賽；⑤她的品格
時(shí)態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)
2. 介紹兩位年輕人
假設(shè)你是李華，正在倫敦的一條街上購物，突然有兩個(gè)年輕人匆匆走過，引起了你的注意，你就向不遠(yuǎn)處的一位警察反映，正好他在尋找兩名小偷，他請(qǐng)你書面描述一下那兩位年輕人的特征，你所看到的基本情況如下：
年輕人之一 年輕人之二
身高 約1．90米 約1．65米
長(zhǎng)相 高鼻子，大嘴巴，禿頭 小鼻子，小眼睛，卷頭發(fā)
衣著 藍(lán)上衣，舊皮鞋 黑色的褲子，運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋
神色 匆匆忙忙，四處張望，每人手上都拿著一個(gè)塑料袋。
逃離方向 沿著這條街，在紅燈處左拐彎。
寫作要求：
1. 書面描述必須包括以上全部?jī)?nèi)容；
2. 使用5個(gè)句子。
參考詞匯：禿頭 bald head ，卷頭發(fā) curly hair
寫作指導(dǎo)：
文體 記敘文，用第三人稱，側(cè)重描寫這兩個(gè)人的外表特征。
信息組織 信息組織可以有兩條線索，一是分別逐項(xiàng)對(duì)比，二是先描述一個(gè)，再描述另一個(gè)。選擇第一種比較容易辨別。
?、偕砀邔?duì)比；②長(zhǎng)相對(duì)比； ③衣著對(duì)比；④神色；⑤方向
時(shí)態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
參考范文
1. Li Ming, the monitor of Class 1 Grade 2, is healthy and lively. She does well in all her subjects, and she is fond of sports, singing and dancing. When she came to school, she had quite a lot of difficulties with the language, but with great efforts she made a lot of progress in her English language study. In 2006 she took part in the National Physics Olympic Competition and won the first prize. Li Ming is very strict with herself in her work and daily life, and is always ready to help other people.
2. One is about 1.90 metres tall, and the other is only about 1.65 metres, quite short. The taller has a big nose, a big mouth and a bald head, whilst the shorter one has a small nose, small eyes and curly hair. The taller is wearing a blue jacket, a pair of old shoes, and the shorter is wearing black trousers with sports shoes. Each of them took a plastic bag in their hands while going in a hurry and looked around sometimes. They ran away down his street and turned left at the red light.
第二講 記敘文：如何敘事？
一、寫作指導(dǎo)
敘事類記敘文通常要將時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、原因和結(jié)果等六個(gè)要素交代清楚。好的記敘文具有描述事件具體、人物逼真形象、故事生動(dòng)感人、材料表現(xiàn)中心和寫作主旨明確等特征。高考英語基礎(chǔ)寫作中的敘事類短文也需要具有記敘文寫作的一般特點(diǎn)，但要求相對(duì)比較低，其考查重點(diǎn)在語言運(yùn)用正確、句子連貫通順、信息點(diǎn)表述完整等方面。寫作時(shí)要注意以下幾個(gè)方面的問題：
1. 嚴(yán)格按照基礎(chǔ)寫作的要求完成各個(gè)信息點(diǎn)，不要為了文章的生動(dòng)而隨意添加信息。
2. 信息點(diǎn)的表述不要完全按照題目所給的順序，要適當(dāng)重組信息點(diǎn)。
3. 記敘文寫作的時(shí)態(tài)多數(shù)是用一般過去時(shí)，但也要注意靈活運(yùn)用其它時(shí)態(tài)。
4. 敘事類記敘文的話題通常和中學(xué)生的生活閱歷有關(guān)，如校園生活、旅游、交通、交友等，平時(shí)要注意積累這些方面的詞匯和短語。
二、常用語句
1. 表達(dá)時(shí)間
a long time ago, at six o’clock in the morning, at the end of, at the weekend, before he came here, by the end of last term, during the summer holidays, in a few years’ time, in the past, in the old days, in the past ten years, in August 2002, in winter vacation, in weekdays, last month, next week, on Sunday morning, on October 1st, since early in the 20th century, so far, up to now, not…until, while , etc.
2. 表達(dá)地點(diǎn)
at the crossing, at the end of the street, at the airport, at the village, at the foot of the mountain, at the bottom, at the top of, be located in, behind the park, be situated in, five kilometers to the north of Guangzhou, in the south of Guangdong Province, in the middle of the park, in Class 3 Grade 2, in the front of the bus, in front of the bus, in the tree, in Guangdong, in China, lies to the west of Sichuan, on the other side of the street, on both sides of the road, on the east coast of the Pacific Ocean ,on the right, etc.
3. 表達(dá)因果
as, as a result, because, because of, for, in the end, cause, result in, consequently, originate from, since, so, therefore, It is clear that… , It turns out to be… , The primary reason is … , etc.
4. 事件話題
(1)學(xué)校生活及學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)
be active in class, be interested in, be interesting to sb., be fond of, be good at , be poor at , be tired of one’s work, be weak in, do one’s homework, do sports after school, do well in; education for all-round development(素質(zhì)教育), examination-oriented education system(應(yīng)試教育), fail in the test, get a doctor’s degree, get on well with English, get an “A” in the exam, get 90 marks for English, give sb. a passing grade, have a good command of the language, have eight classes every day, help with each other, lay a good foundation in, learn…by heart, major in history, make friends with sb., make progress in, put one’s heart into, pass the examination, study in groups, succeed in doing sth., take an active part in the activity, take several courses at school, work out a problem, work on a maths problem , work hard at, etc.
(2)師生關(guān)系及其活動(dòng)
be friendly to sb., be kind to sb, be a strict teacher, be strict with one’s pupils, be strict in one’s work, be satisfied with , blame sb. for sth, correct the students’ homework carefully, devote all one’s time to work, form a good habit of, get on well with sb, give advice on, give sb a lot of work , help sb with sth , make one’s lessons lively and interesting, praise sb for sth., prepare for tomorrow’s lesson, question sb on, teach sb. English , teach sb how to do sth., etc.
(3)課余活動(dòng)及周末生活
do some reading, enjoy a family trip, enjoy doing sth., go swimming, go for an outing, go to the cinema, have an outing at the seashore, have a swim, have dances on weekends, have a picnic at the weekend, have a party, hold a sports meeting, Internet bar, net friend, online love affair(網(wǎng)戀) , play the piano, play chess (basketball), see the sights of Beijing, spend one’s time in many different ways, teach in a family, etc.
(4)交通情況
a big traffic jam, a traffic accident, be very crowded in the street, be seriously injured, by bus (train / ship / boat), drive a car, flight No. 2130, in a small boat, give sb. a lift, keep right, lie on the street, meet sb. at the station, on the bus ( train), on board, on one’s way to London, on the journey, one way only , pick up sb., ride a bike, ride a horse , see sb. off at the airport, self-service ticket , take a flight to New York, traffic light, travel through China, turn right, etc.
