閱讀理解題型及解題方法的分析
Excerption
快速準(zhǔn)確理解原文是作好后面測試題目的前提，要想作好測試題目還必須首先了解測試題型以及解題的具體的步驟和方法。
一.題型
閱讀理解可以粗略地分成兩大類：客觀題(objective questions0和主觀題(subjective question)?？陀^題用來測度考生對原文內(nèi)容中的客觀事實(shí)的理解，也就是要求考生理解文章中的具體事實(shí)和抽象概念(包括詞義)。主觀題用來測試考生的主觀判斷能力，也就是要求考生對文章的中心思想，作者的意圖和態(tài)度，以及整篇文章的邏輯關(guān)系有更深的了解，根據(jù)這些進(jìn)行推理和判斷。如果再分細(xì)一點(diǎn)，那么可以將閱讀理解的測試題具體分為以下五種。
(一) 主旨大意題
主旨大意題要求考生在閱讀有關(guān)文章后能夠概括出中心思想，確定段落大意或選定最佳標(biāo)題。主旨題的典型提問方式有：
1.The best title for this passage is________
2.Topic of the article is_______
3.The main idea of the passage is_______
4.The passage is mainly about _____
5.The passage mainly deals with________
6.The author mainly discusses_________
7.The title that best expresses the main idea is_______
8.The central idea conveyed in the above passage is____-
9.The authors purpose in writing this passage is______-
10. The main idea of this selection may be best expressed as_______
11.What is the main topic of the passage
12.Which of the following is the best title for this passage
13.What would be the most appropriate title for this passage
14.What does the passage mainly discuss
15.What title suits this passage best
16.Which sentence best summarizes the article
(二) 具體細(xì)節(jié)題
這類問題要求考生理解與文章主題有關(guān)的事實(shí)依據(jù)，贊同反對的理由，以及找出其它有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)或具體的數(shù)據(jù)等。細(xì)節(jié)題的出題類型主要有以下三種：
1. 特殊疑問句
以what ,who, when, how, where 等引導(dǎo)的問題。
A. What do we know about
B. Why is
C. How many in this article
D.In what year
E. In what way
F. According to the passage, who
2. 正誤判斷題
通常詢問文章中所述的事情是否真實(shí)，某種提法是否正確或文章(作者)是否提及某事。
A.Which of the following statements is true
B.Which of the following is mentioned in the article
C.Which of the following does not explain
D.Which of the following statements is wrong according to the author
E.Which of the following in NOT listed as
F.All of the following are true except
G.The author mentions all of the items listed below except
H.The author does not tell us
3.填空題
通常涉及與主題有關(guān)的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，但涉及的范圍比下誤判斷題要廣。
A.The real cause is______.
B.According to the author, the techniques can be used to ______.
C.The author states that______.
D.The experiment shows that ________.
E.Mr. X expects ______.
(三) 詞匯題
詞匯題主要是測試考生根據(jù)上下文判斷生詞或新短詞意義的能力。做這樣的題時(shí)，考生需要注意以下兩點(diǎn)：一是要按照 下文與字里行間的線索進(jìn)行分析和大膽的猜測最后確定正確的含義;二是要特別注意新詞匯和短語的引申意義。有不少的詞或短語考生也許見過或認(rèn)識(shí)，但這些詞或短語的意義在新的背景或上下文中可能與原義不同或者有進(jìn)一步的引伸。這就需要考生具有一定的判斷能力才能確定一個(gè)詞或短語的確切含義。
詞匯題的提問方式主要有：
1.What is the possible meaning of the wordin line.
2.Which is the probable definition of the word
3.The italicized word in linemeans_____.
4.Which of the following is nearest in meaning to .
5.By , the author means_________.
6.The line , the word this stands for_______.
7.The word probably means_______
8.The word closest to ______
9.The line , the word.most probably means______.
10.In line, the word could best be replaced by _________.
(四) 斷、預(yù)測和引申題
這類題具有較大的難度，要求考生在理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)文章中所闡述的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)和上下文的暗示與線索進(jìn)行綜合分析，然后做出推斷預(yù)測或得出合情合理的結(jié)論。因此，考生必須細(xì)讀全文，不僅要懂得文章的表層意義，還要理解深層的內(nèi)含;不僅要掌握作者言明的觀點(diǎn)傾向，還要獲取字里行間隱含的信息。但同時(shí)必須提醒考生的是切忌無根無據(jù)地隨意猜想或推理，把白的東西說成是黑的，把自己的觀點(diǎn)當(dāng)做是作者的。也就是產(chǎn)，考生所做的每一個(gè)推斷或引申都應(yīng)該是合情合理的，具有充分依據(jù)的。
這種題型常用提問方式有：
1. The passage is intended to _________
2. The passage implies that_______
3. It can be inferred from the passage that _________.
4. It can be concluded from the passage that________
5. We can conclude from the article that_______
6. The writer implies that _________
7. The author suggests that _______
8. An inference which may be made from the article is _______
9. According to the article, many people may ________
10. The next paragraph would most probably deal with _______
11. The paragraph preceding this one may discuss
12. In the paragraph following this one ,we may expect the author to discuss________
13. What does the paragraph preceding this one probably discuss
14. What does the writer imply about.
15. Which of the following can be inferred from the article
16. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage
17. Where would this paragraph most probably be found
18. Where would this paragraph most probably appear
(五)作者態(tài)度題
除了第三類題型外，根據(jù)文章領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的態(tài)度和情緒的問題也相當(dāng)難。這類題要求考生從文章的論述方法、語氣和 詞造句中把握作者對人與事的好惡，了解作者的態(tài)度和情感。
常用的提問方式有：
1.Which of the following the author is most likely to agree with
2.The author seems to be in favor of the idea of ________
3.Whats the authors opinion
4.What does the writer think of .
5.The authors attitude towards might be best summarized as________
6.In the writers opinion,______
7.The author of the passage seems to be ____
8.The tone of the author is ________
9.The authors purpose of writing this article is _______
10.How does the author feel about
11.The tone of the author can best be described as______
12.Whats the tone of the passage
13.From the passage we know that the author_______--
14.It can be seen from the passage that the author regards with ______
15.By using the expression , the author implies that ________
二、解題步驟和方法
歸納起來， 閱讀理解的解題步驟可以稱之為三步曲：即分以下三個(gè)步驟：
(1)快速閱讀文章后的4~5道題目，并將題目中的關(guān)鍵詞(一般為實(shí)詞，并且含有重要信息)用筆劃下來。這樣做的目的有兩個(gè)：一是以獲得將要閱讀的文章的大概意思，二是為解題做好準(zhǔn)備。
(2) 使用前述的各個(gè)層次產(chǎn)閱讀技巧和方法快速閱讀原文。一邊閱讀一邊劃出文章中的含有重要信息的詞、短語或句子。如果將文章中的重要信息都劃出來了，到第三步解題時(shí)尋找所需信息就容易了。這比盲目地尋找方便得多。
(3) 解題時(shí)首先判斷當(dāng)前的題目屬于哪種題型，然后用不同的方法解不同的題目。
(一) 客觀細(xì)
根據(jù)所劃的關(guān)鍵詞到原文中找對應(yīng)詞：指出文章中與題中所劃關(guān)鍵詞的意思或相近對應(yīng)詞。該對應(yīng)詞可能與關(guān)鍵詞相同也可能不同。對應(yīng)詞所在的句子或句子部分極可能為包含解題信息的信息句。將該句認(rèn)真閱讀后，再將四個(gè)答案與該句內(nèi)容 一對照后，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有一答案的信息與信息句的信息大致相同，則該答案即為正確答案。
(二) 詞義題
詞義題可人為兩類：一類是生詞，而另一類是常見詞?？碱}問它在特定語境中的具體意思。解這兩類詞義題可遵循同樣的方法：找到該詞在原文中的位置，然后運(yùn)用猜測詞義法，根據(jù)上下文所提供的各種線索猜測或確定它們的詞義。
(三) 中心思想題
用略讀法將首尾兩段(或首尾部分)快速瀏覽一下，然后快速尋找和瀏覽一下其他段落的topic sentence, 將這些內(nèi)容結(jié)合起來，原文的中心思想就一目了然。四個(gè)答案中最接近這個(gè)中心意思的就是正確答案。
(四) 主觀判斷題
這類題難度較大，具體解題方法也各不相同。但總體來說，根據(jù)題中的關(guān)鍵詞或主要內(nèi)容從原文中找到相關(guān)信息。透過它的表層意思，將它所隱含的深層意思(IMPLIED MEANING)理解透徹，并根據(jù)其深層意思做出合理的推斷、預(yù)測或引申。
(五) 作者態(tài)度題
這類題也屬于高難度的題型。做此類題時(shí)考生要注意分清什么是作者的客觀陳述什么是自己的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。這就要求考生從文章的論述方式、語氣、 遣詞造句中把握作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度、傾向和情感等。
Excerption
快速準(zhǔn)確理解原文是作好后面測試題目的前提，要想作好測試題目還必須首先了解測試題型以及解題的具體的步驟和方法。
一.題型
閱讀理解可以粗略地分成兩大類：客觀題(objective questions0和主觀題(subjective question)?？陀^題用來測度考生對原文內(nèi)容中的客觀事實(shí)的理解，也就是要求考生理解文章中的具體事實(shí)和抽象概念(包括詞義)。主觀題用來測試考生的主觀判斷能力，也就是要求考生對文章的中心思想，作者的意圖和態(tài)度，以及整篇文章的邏輯關(guān)系有更深的了解，根據(jù)這些進(jìn)行推理和判斷。如果再分細(xì)一點(diǎn)，那么可以將閱讀理解的測試題具體分為以下五種。
(一) 主旨大意題
主旨大意題要求考生在閱讀有關(guān)文章后能夠概括出中心思想，確定段落大意或選定最佳標(biāo)題。主旨題的典型提問方式有：
1.The best title for this passage is________
2.Topic of the article is_______
3.The main idea of the passage is_______
4.The passage is mainly about _____
5.The passage mainly deals with________
6.The author mainly discusses_________
7.The title that best expresses the main idea is_______
8.The central idea conveyed in the above passage is____-
9.The authors purpose in writing this passage is______-
10. The main idea of this selection may be best expressed as_______
11.What is the main topic of the passage
12.Which of the following is the best title for this passage
13.What would be the most appropriate title for this passage
14.What does the passage mainly discuss
15.What title suits this passage best
16.Which sentence best summarizes the article
(二) 具體細(xì)節(jié)題
這類問題要求考生理解與文章主題有關(guān)的事實(shí)依據(jù)，贊同反對的理由，以及找出其它有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)或具體的數(shù)據(jù)等。細(xì)節(jié)題的出題類型主要有以下三種：
1. 特殊疑問句
以what ,who, when, how, where 等引導(dǎo)的問題。
A. What do we know about
B. Why is
C. How many in this article
D.In what year
E. In what way
F. According to the passage, who
2. 正誤判斷題
通常詢問文章中所述的事情是否真實(shí)，某種提法是否正確或文章(作者)是否提及某事。
A.Which of the following statements is true
B.Which of the following is mentioned in the article
C.Which of the following does not explain
D.Which of the following statements is wrong according to the author
E.Which of the following in NOT listed as
F.All of the following are true except
G.The author mentions all of the items listed below except
H.The author does not tell us
3.填空題
通常涉及與主題有關(guān)的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，但涉及的范圍比下誤判斷題要廣。
A.The real cause is______.
B.According to the author, the techniques can be used to ______.
C.The author states that______.
D.The experiment shows that ________.
E.Mr. X expects ______.
(三) 詞匯題
詞匯題主要是測試考生根據(jù)上下文判斷生詞或新短詞意義的能力。做這樣的題時(shí)，考生需要注意以下兩點(diǎn)：一是要按照 下文與字里行間的線索進(jìn)行分析和大膽的猜測最后確定正確的含義;二是要特別注意新詞匯和短語的引申意義。有不少的詞或短語考生也許見過或認(rèn)識(shí)，但這些詞或短語的意義在新的背景或上下文中可能與原義不同或者有進(jìn)一步的引伸。這就需要考生具有一定的判斷能力才能確定一個(gè)詞或短語的確切含義。
詞匯題的提問方式主要有：
1.What is the possible meaning of the wordin line.
2.Which is the probable definition of the word
3.The italicized word in linemeans_____.
4.Which of the following is nearest in meaning to .
5.By , the author means_________.
6.The line , the word this stands for_______.
7.The word probably means_______
8.The word closest to ______
9.The line , the word.most probably means______.
10.In line, the word could best be replaced by _________.
(四) 斷、預(yù)測和引申題
這類題具有較大的難度，要求考生在理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)文章中所闡述的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)和上下文的暗示與線索進(jìn)行綜合分析，然后做出推斷預(yù)測或得出合情合理的結(jié)論。因此，考生必須細(xì)讀全文，不僅要懂得文章的表層意義，還要理解深層的內(nèi)含;不僅要掌握作者言明的觀點(diǎn)傾向，還要獲取字里行間隱含的信息。但同時(shí)必須提醒考生的是切忌無根無據(jù)地隨意猜想或推理，把白的東西說成是黑的，把自己的觀點(diǎn)當(dāng)做是作者的。也就是產(chǎn)，考生所做的每一個(gè)推斷或引申都應(yīng)該是合情合理的，具有充分依據(jù)的。
這種題型常用提問方式有：
1. The passage is intended to _________
2. The passage implies that_______
3. It can be inferred from the passage that _________.
4. It can be concluded from the passage that________
5. We can conclude from the article that_______
6. The writer implies that _________
7. The author suggests that _______
8. An inference which may be made from the article is _______
9. According to the article, many people may ________
10. The next paragraph would most probably deal with _______
11. The paragraph preceding this one may discuss
12. In the paragraph following this one ,we may expect the author to discuss________
13. What does the paragraph preceding this one probably discuss
14. What does the writer imply about.
15. Which of the following can be inferred from the article
16. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage
17. Where would this paragraph most probably be found
18. Where would this paragraph most probably appear
(五)作者態(tài)度題
除了第三類題型外，根據(jù)文章領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的態(tài)度和情緒的問題也相當(dāng)難。這類題要求考生從文章的論述方法、語氣和 詞造句中把握作者對人與事的好惡，了解作者的態(tài)度和情感。
常用的提問方式有：
1.Which of the following the author is most likely to agree with
2.The author seems to be in favor of the idea of ________
3.Whats the authors opinion
4.What does the writer think of .
5.The authors attitude towards might be best summarized as________
6.In the writers opinion,______
7.The author of the passage seems to be ____
8.The tone of the author is ________
9.The authors purpose of writing this article is _______
10.How does the author feel about
11.The tone of the author can best be described as______
12.Whats the tone of the passage
13.From the passage we know that the author_______--
14.It can be seen from the passage that the author regards with ______
15.By using the expression , the author implies that ________
二、解題步驟和方法
歸納起來， 閱讀理解的解題步驟可以稱之為三步曲：即分以下三個(gè)步驟：
(1)快速閱讀文章后的4~5道題目，并將題目中的關(guān)鍵詞(一般為實(shí)詞，并且含有重要信息)用筆劃下來。這樣做的目的有兩個(gè)：一是以獲得將要閱讀的文章的大概意思，二是為解題做好準(zhǔn)備。
(2) 使用前述的各個(gè)層次產(chǎn)閱讀技巧和方法快速閱讀原文。一邊閱讀一邊劃出文章中的含有重要信息的詞、短語或句子。如果將文章中的重要信息都劃出來了，到第三步解題時(shí)尋找所需信息就容易了。這比盲目地尋找方便得多。
(3) 解題時(shí)首先判斷當(dāng)前的題目屬于哪種題型，然后用不同的方法解不同的題目。
(一) 客觀細(xì)
根據(jù)所劃的關(guān)鍵詞到原文中找對應(yīng)詞：指出文章中與題中所劃關(guān)鍵詞的意思或相近對應(yīng)詞。該對應(yīng)詞可能與關(guān)鍵詞相同也可能不同。對應(yīng)詞所在的句子或句子部分極可能為包含解題信息的信息句。將該句認(rèn)真閱讀后，再將四個(gè)答案與該句內(nèi)容 一對照后，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有一答案的信息與信息句的信息大致相同，則該答案即為正確答案。
(二) 詞義題
詞義題可人為兩類：一類是生詞，而另一類是常見詞?？碱}問它在特定語境中的具體意思。解這兩類詞義題可遵循同樣的方法：找到該詞在原文中的位置，然后運(yùn)用猜測詞義法，根據(jù)上下文所提供的各種線索猜測或確定它們的詞義。
(三) 中心思想題
用略讀法將首尾兩段(或首尾部分)快速瀏覽一下，然后快速尋找和瀏覽一下其他段落的topic sentence, 將這些內(nèi)容結(jié)合起來，原文的中心思想就一目了然。四個(gè)答案中最接近這個(gè)中心意思的就是正確答案。
(四) 主觀判斷題
這類題難度較大，具體解題方法也各不相同。但總體來說，根據(jù)題中的關(guān)鍵詞或主要內(nèi)容從原文中找到相關(guān)信息。透過它的表層意思，將它所隱含的深層意思(IMPLIED MEANING)理解透徹，并根據(jù)其深層意思做出合理的推斷、預(yù)測或引申。
(五) 作者態(tài)度題
這類題也屬于高難度的題型。做此類題時(shí)考生要注意分清什么是作者的客觀陳述什么是自己的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。這就要求考生從文章的論述方式、語氣、 遣詞造句中把握作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度、傾向和情感等。
