2023考研英語閱讀蒙特梭利管理
Montessori management
蒙特梭利管理
The backlash against running firms likeprogressive schools has begun
反對公司管理像學校改革的運動已經(jīng)開始
THE INTERNSHIP, a film about two middle-aged no-hopers who land work experience atGoogle, is a dire offering even by the standards of Hollywood summer comedies.
《挨踢實習生》是一部關(guān)于兩個有工作經(jīng)驗沒有希望轉(zhuǎn)正的中年人在谷歌的故事，即使是按好萊塢夏天喜劇的標準，這也是一部頂級作品。
But it does get one thing right: that it is rather absurd for a technology firm to provideslides for staff to play on, and to let them wear silly propeller-hats.
但有一件事情是對的：一家科技公司為員工提供幻燈片演講是相當荒謬的，而且讓他們戴上像螺旋槳一樣的帽子。
Google is not alone in its juvenile tastes.
在對青年人的口味上谷歌不是唯一一家。
Box, a Silicon Valley company, has installed swings in its headquarters.
硅谷的Box公司在其總部安裝秋千。
Red Bull, an energy-drinks firm, has areception desk in the shape of a giant skateboard in its London office.
能量飲料公司紅牛在其倫敦辦公室內(nèi)有一個巨大的滑板樣的接待桌。
Businesses of all types have moved towards sitting workers in groups in open-plan rooms,just like at nursery school.
各類企業(yè)都在逐漸為員工提供開放式辦公室，就像托兒所。
Time was when firms modelled themselves on the armed forces, with officers and chains ofcommand.
企業(yè)在模仿軍隊的指揮官和指揮鏈。
Now many model themselves on learning-through-play Montessori schools.
現(xiàn)在有很多通過在實踐中學習蒙臺梭利學校的模式。
Montessori management has plenty of supporters in the higher reaches of business.
蒙臺梭利的管理擁有很多公司高層的支持。
The bosses of Google, Amazon and Wikipedia were all educated in Montessori schools.
谷歌，亞馬遜和維基百科的老板都在蒙特梭利學校接受過教育。
So was Will Wright, a video-game pioneer.
視頻游戲先鋒威爾賴特也是這樣。
Messrs Page and Brin credit their Montessori education with their enthusiasm for thinkingdifferently.
佩奇和布林把他們對不同思維方式的熱情歸于他們在蒙臺梭利接受的教育。
Mr Bezos thanks it for his enthusiasm for experimentationfor planting seeds and goingdown blind alleys as he puts it.
Bezos先生感謝蒙臺梭利是因為他對實驗的熱情，正如他所說的播種和減少彎路。
Mr Wright says SimCity comes right out of Montessori.
賴特先生說模擬城市正是出自蒙特梭利。
The nostrums of some management gurus sound remarkably like those of the progressiveeducationalists of the 1960s.
一些管理大師的秘方聽起來非常像那些20世紀60年代的教育改革者。
For example Gary Hamel, of London Business School, and Jeffrey Pfeffer, of Stanford BusinessSchool, praise companies that dismantle hierarchies and encourage experimentation.
例如倫敦商學院的加里哈默爾和斯坦福大學商學院的杰弗里普費弗，稱贊公司消除等級和鼓勵試驗。
It is not just rich-world businesses that are buying into this philosophy:
不只是富有的世界級企業(yè)相信這一理念：
HCL Technologies, an Indian software company, invites workers to write assessments of theirbossesand publishes them.
印度軟件公司HCL邀請工人對老板進行評價并進行公開。
But it would be wrong to conclude that the success of Google and Amazon vindicatesMontessori management.
但是僅用谷歌和亞馬遜的成功就支持蒙特梭利管理的推斷或許是錯誤的。
Both companies have pragmatically mixed progressive ideas with more traditional onessuch as encouraging internal competition and measuring performance.
這兩家公司都追求實用主義，混合了務實進取的理念，如傳統(tǒng)的鼓勵內(nèi)部競爭和績效量化。
Mr Bezos is also an enthusiastic employer of ex-military personnel.
貝索斯先生也是一位喜歡雇傭前軍事人員的雇主。
As in education, where traditionalists have staged a counter-revolution against theprogressives, some academics are now questioning Montessori management s basicassumptionsparticularly its faith in free-flowing creativity, endless collaboration and allthings open-plan.
在教育界，保守者上演了一場反改革的運動，現(xiàn)在一些學者質(zhì)疑蒙特梭利管理的基本假設，特別是其對自由流動的創(chuàng)造力，無限的協(xié)作和完全開放的信念。
For example, Morten Hansen of the University of California, Berkeley studied 182 teams whowere trying to win a contract on behalf of a professional-services firm.
例如，加州大學伯克利分校的莫滕漢森研究了試圖贏得代表一個專業(yè)服務公司的合同的182個團隊。
He found that the more time they spent consulting others, the less likely they were to win adeal.
他發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們越是花更多的時間咨詢別人就越不太可能贏得這筆交易。
This shows, he says, that collaboration has costs as well as benefits.
他說這說明合作有效益也有成本。
These need to be weighed against each other, instead of simply assuming that the moreteamwork the better.
這些都需要對各方面進行權(quán)衡，而不是簡單地假設團隊合作越多結(jié)果就越好。
Mark de Rond, a Cambridge academic who once rowed for the university, argues that themost successful teams are marked by internal competition and clashing egos as well asKum Bay Yah-style togetherness.
曾為劍橋大學賽艇的學者馬克德ROND認為最成功的球隊是存住內(nèi)部競爭和沖突以及自我風格的統(tǒng)一性。
A focus on interpersonal harmony can actually hurt team performance, he suggests.
他說把重點放在人際和諧上會對球隊的表現(xiàn)不利。
Jake Breeden, a management thinker at Duke Corporate Education, worries that too muchreliance on teamwork can create a culture of learned helplessness in which managers areterrified to take decisions without yet another round of consultations.
杜克大學企業(yè)教育管理思想家杰克布里登擔心在管理者害怕在征求他人意見之前做出決定的團隊里過于依賴團隊合作會創(chuàng)造一種后天性無助的文化。
Excessive collaboration can lead to the very opposite of creativity:
過多的合作可能會走向創(chuàng)造力的反面：
groupthink, conformity and mediocrity.
群體思維，整合和平庸。
It is especially damaging at the top of an organisation. BlackBerry, a smartphone-maker,believed that having two CEOs with complementary skills would produce the best of bothworlds:
這對組織的頂部害處特別大。智能手機制造商黑莓相信兩位具有互補技能的CEOs 會有最好的產(chǎn)出：
Jim Balsillie was a professional manager and Mike Lazaridis was a technician.
吉姆貝爾斯利是一名職業(yè)經(jīng)理人，邁克拉扎里迪斯是技術(shù)員。
The company soon discovered the truth of Napoleon s dictum that one bad general is worthtwo good ones.
該公司很快就發(fā)現(xiàn)了拿破侖的名言：一個不好的將軍好于兩個好將軍的真理。
According to one survey around 70% of all offices in America have gone open-plan.
據(jù)一項調(diào)查顯示，美國約70%的辦公室已經(jīng)是開放式的。
Yet evidence is mounting that this is a bad idea.
然而越來越多的證據(jù)顯示這是一個壞主意。
Over the past five years Gensler, a design firm, has asked more than 90,000 people in 155companies in ten industries what they think of this way of working.
設計公司 Gensler，在過去的五年里調(diào)查十大行業(yè)155家公司的90,000人怎么評價這種工作方式。
It has found an astonishing amount of antipathy.
發(fā)現(xiàn)絕大多數(shù)人對此反感。
Workers say that open-plan offices make it more difficult to concentrate, because thehubbub of human and electronic noise is so distracting.
他們說開放式辦公室使他們更難以集中精神，因為其他人的喧鬧和電子噪音是如此令人分心。
What they really value is the ability to focus on their jobs with as few distractions as possible.
他們看重的是盡可能少分心把注意力放在工作上。
Ironically, going open-plan defeats another of Montessori management s main objectives:
具有諷刺意味的是，開放式的方式擊敗了另一個對蒙特梭利管理的主要目標：
workers say it prevents them from collaborating, because they cannot talk withoutdisturbing others or inviting an audience.
工作人員說這會阻礙他們合作，因為他們不邀請別人或者想不打擾別人時就沒法進行討論。
Other studies show that people who work in open-plan offices are more likely to suffer fromhigh blood pressure, stress and airborne infections such as flu.
其他研究表明，在開放式辦公室工作的人更容易患高血壓，壓力更大大，更易被傳染，如流感。
Time for some disciplineand separate offices
是時候進行懲罰了-和單獨的辦公室
It was the unthinking and indiscriminate application of child-centred education techniques,with little attention paid to outcomes, that eventually brought about a backlash.
以兒童為中心的教育技術(shù)沒頭沒腦的和不分青紅皂白的應用，而且很少重視結(jié)果，最終帶來了反彈。
The more thoughtful critics did not wish to turn the clock back entirely and return to rotelearning and tyrannical teachers; they simply said that structure and order have their placetoo.
深思熟慮的批評不希望時光完全倒流到死記硬背和教師強橫的時代，他們只是說結(jié)構(gòu)和順序也有自己的位置。
The same seems to be happening now in business.
現(xiàn)在在商業(yè)領域似乎也有同樣的情況。
Mr Breeden argues, sensibly, that managers should treat collaboration and creativity astechniques rather than dogmas.
布里登辯解說，很明顯管理者應該把協(xié)作和創(chuàng)造力當做技巧而非教條。
Diane Hoskins of Gensler speculates that her company s findings about open-plan offices areso striking that they may mark the beginning of a new era in workplace organisation.
公司Gensler的黛安霍斯金斯推測，她們公司的開放辦公室表現(xiàn)是如此引人注目，標志著辦公室組織方式的一個新時代。
When workers start being moved back into separate booths, and the office slide is replacedwith a noticeboard bearing a list of staff instructions, you will know that thecounter-revolution is well under way.
當工人開始被搬回到單獨的辦公間，辦公室不知不覺替換的一個列著員工說明的布告板，你就會知道，反改革的工作正在順利進行。
詞語解釋
1.provide for 為提供生活費;為作準備
There are no known laws that provide for publicaccess to government information.
沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)哪部法律規(guī)定了對政府信息的公開制度。
Even if egypt s islamists refrain from scrapping thepeace treaty, israel fears they will seek to amendthe clauses that provide for sinai s demilitarisation.
就算埃及的伊斯蘭當政者沒有廢除戴維營和平協(xié)議，以色列依然害怕埃及將修改那些規(guī)定西奈半島非軍事化的條款。
2.in the shape of 以形式
We put some post-its on the wall in the shape of space invaders.
我們用即時貼在墻上貼成了太空入侵者的形狀。
It had hit an immovable object in the shape of germany s chancellor, angela merkel.
這個計劃在德國總理安格拉默克爾這面銅墻鐵壁前，碰了一鼻子灰。
3.nursery school n.幼兒園;托兒所
Rioting youths injured 17 police officers and burned a nursery school to the ground.
暴動的年輕人造成17名警員受傷，放火將一所幼兒園夷為平地。
A study that has much to teach was carried out by merei who observed children at ahungarian nursery school.
觀察匈牙利一個幼兒園的梅雷，就進行了一個有很多東西要教授的研究。
4.credit with 相信
This will happen should you get credit with a co-signer.
會出現(xiàn)這種情況你應該得到信貸的共同簽字。
One of the major government privileges granted to gses is a line of credit with the unitedstates treasury.
企業(yè)Gses得到的一個主要特權(quán)是由財政部給予的信用額度。
Montessori management
蒙特梭利管理
The backlash against running firms likeprogressive schools has begun
反對公司管理像學校改革的運動已經(jīng)開始
THE INTERNSHIP, a film about two middle-aged no-hopers who land work experience atGoogle, is a dire offering even by the standards of Hollywood summer comedies.
《挨踢實習生》是一部關(guān)于兩個有工作經(jīng)驗沒有希望轉(zhuǎn)正的中年人在谷歌的故事，即使是按好萊塢夏天喜劇的標準，這也是一部頂級作品。
But it does get one thing right: that it is rather absurd for a technology firm to provideslides for staff to play on, and to let them wear silly propeller-hats.
但有一件事情是對的：一家科技公司為員工提供幻燈片演講是相當荒謬的，而且讓他們戴上像螺旋槳一樣的帽子。
Google is not alone in its juvenile tastes.
在對青年人的口味上谷歌不是唯一一家。
Box, a Silicon Valley company, has installed swings in its headquarters.
硅谷的Box公司在其總部安裝秋千。
Red Bull, an energy-drinks firm, has areception desk in the shape of a giant skateboard in its London office.
能量飲料公司紅牛在其倫敦辦公室內(nèi)有一個巨大的滑板樣的接待桌。
Businesses of all types have moved towards sitting workers in groups in open-plan rooms,just like at nursery school.
各類企業(yè)都在逐漸為員工提供開放式辦公室，就像托兒所。
Time was when firms modelled themselves on the armed forces, with officers and chains ofcommand.
企業(yè)在模仿軍隊的指揮官和指揮鏈。
Now many model themselves on learning-through-play Montessori schools.
現(xiàn)在有很多通過在實踐中學習蒙臺梭利學校的模式。
Montessori management has plenty of supporters in the higher reaches of business.
蒙臺梭利的管理擁有很多公司高層的支持。
The bosses of Google, Amazon and Wikipedia were all educated in Montessori schools.
谷歌，亞馬遜和維基百科的老板都在蒙特梭利學校接受過教育。
So was Will Wright, a video-game pioneer.
視頻游戲先鋒威爾賴特也是這樣。
Messrs Page and Brin credit their Montessori education with their enthusiasm for thinkingdifferently.
佩奇和布林把他們對不同思維方式的熱情歸于他們在蒙臺梭利接受的教育。
Mr Bezos thanks it for his enthusiasm for experimentationfor planting seeds and goingdown blind alleys as he puts it.
Bezos先生感謝蒙臺梭利是因為他對實驗的熱情，正如他所說的播種和減少彎路。
Mr Wright says SimCity comes right out of Montessori.
賴特先生說模擬城市正是出自蒙特梭利。
The nostrums of some management gurus sound remarkably like those of the progressiveeducationalists of the 1960s.
一些管理大師的秘方聽起來非常像那些20世紀60年代的教育改革者。
For example Gary Hamel, of London Business School, and Jeffrey Pfeffer, of Stanford BusinessSchool, praise companies that dismantle hierarchies and encourage experimentation.
例如倫敦商學院的加里哈默爾和斯坦福大學商學院的杰弗里普費弗，稱贊公司消除等級和鼓勵試驗。
It is not just rich-world businesses that are buying into this philosophy:
不只是富有的世界級企業(yè)相信這一理念：
HCL Technologies, an Indian software company, invites workers to write assessments of theirbossesand publishes them.
印度軟件公司HCL邀請工人對老板進行評價并進行公開。
But it would be wrong to conclude that the success of Google and Amazon vindicatesMontessori management.
但是僅用谷歌和亞馬遜的成功就支持蒙特梭利管理的推斷或許是錯誤的。
Both companies have pragmatically mixed progressive ideas with more traditional onessuch as encouraging internal competition and measuring performance.
這兩家公司都追求實用主義，混合了務實進取的理念，如傳統(tǒng)的鼓勵內(nèi)部競爭和績效量化。
Mr Bezos is also an enthusiastic employer of ex-military personnel.
貝索斯先生也是一位喜歡雇傭前軍事人員的雇主。
As in education, where traditionalists have staged a counter-revolution against theprogressives, some academics are now questioning Montessori management s basicassumptionsparticularly its faith in free-flowing creativity, endless collaboration and allthings open-plan.
在教育界，保守者上演了一場反改革的運動，現(xiàn)在一些學者質(zhì)疑蒙特梭利管理的基本假設，特別是其對自由流動的創(chuàng)造力，無限的協(xié)作和完全開放的信念。
For example, Morten Hansen of the University of California, Berkeley studied 182 teams whowere trying to win a contract on behalf of a professional-services firm.
例如，加州大學伯克利分校的莫滕漢森研究了試圖贏得代表一個專業(yè)服務公司的合同的182個團隊。
He found that the more time they spent consulting others, the less likely they were to win adeal.
他發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們越是花更多的時間咨詢別人就越不太可能贏得這筆交易。
This shows, he says, that collaboration has costs as well as benefits.
他說這說明合作有效益也有成本。
These need to be weighed against each other, instead of simply assuming that the moreteamwork the better.
這些都需要對各方面進行權(quán)衡，而不是簡單地假設團隊合作越多結(jié)果就越好。
Mark de Rond, a Cambridge academic who once rowed for the university, argues that themost successful teams are marked by internal competition and clashing egos as well asKum Bay Yah-style togetherness.
曾為劍橋大學賽艇的學者馬克德ROND認為最成功的球隊是存住內(nèi)部競爭和沖突以及自我風格的統(tǒng)一性。
A focus on interpersonal harmony can actually hurt team performance, he suggests.
他說把重點放在人際和諧上會對球隊的表現(xiàn)不利。
Jake Breeden, a management thinker at Duke Corporate Education, worries that too muchreliance on teamwork can create a culture of learned helplessness in which managers areterrified to take decisions without yet another round of consultations.
杜克大學企業(yè)教育管理思想家杰克布里登擔心在管理者害怕在征求他人意見之前做出決定的團隊里過于依賴團隊合作會創(chuàng)造一種后天性無助的文化。
Excessive collaboration can lead to the very opposite of creativity:
過多的合作可能會走向創(chuàng)造力的反面：
groupthink, conformity and mediocrity.
群體思維，整合和平庸。
It is especially damaging at the top of an organisation. BlackBerry, a smartphone-maker,believed that having two CEOs with complementary skills would produce the best of bothworlds:
這對組織的頂部害處特別大。智能手機制造商黑莓相信兩位具有互補技能的CEOs 會有最好的產(chǎn)出：
Jim Balsillie was a professional manager and Mike Lazaridis was a technician.
吉姆貝爾斯利是一名職業(yè)經(jīng)理人，邁克拉扎里迪斯是技術(shù)員。
The company soon discovered the truth of Napoleon s dictum that one bad general is worthtwo good ones.
該公司很快就發(fā)現(xiàn)了拿破侖的名言：一個不好的將軍好于兩個好將軍的真理。
According to one survey around 70% of all offices in America have gone open-plan.
據(jù)一項調(diào)查顯示，美國約70%的辦公室已經(jīng)是開放式的。
Yet evidence is mounting that this is a bad idea.
然而越來越多的證據(jù)顯示這是一個壞主意。
Over the past five years Gensler, a design firm, has asked more than 90,000 people in 155companies in ten industries what they think of this way of working.
設計公司 Gensler，在過去的五年里調(diào)查十大行業(yè)155家公司的90,000人怎么評價這種工作方式。
It has found an astonishing amount of antipathy.
發(fā)現(xiàn)絕大多數(shù)人對此反感。
Workers say that open-plan offices make it more difficult to concentrate, because thehubbub of human and electronic noise is so distracting.
他們說開放式辦公室使他們更難以集中精神，因為其他人的喧鬧和電子噪音是如此令人分心。
What they really value is the ability to focus on their jobs with as few distractions as possible.
他們看重的是盡可能少分心把注意力放在工作上。
Ironically, going open-plan defeats another of Montessori management s main objectives:
具有諷刺意味的是，開放式的方式擊敗了另一個對蒙特梭利管理的主要目標：
workers say it prevents them from collaborating, because they cannot talk withoutdisturbing others or inviting an audience.
工作人員說這會阻礙他們合作，因為他們不邀請別人或者想不打擾別人時就沒法進行討論。
Other studies show that people who work in open-plan offices are more likely to suffer fromhigh blood pressure, stress and airborne infections such as flu.
其他研究表明，在開放式辦公室工作的人更容易患高血壓，壓力更大大，更易被傳染，如流感。
Time for some disciplineand separate offices
是時候進行懲罰了-和單獨的辦公室
It was the unthinking and indiscriminate application of child-centred education techniques,with little attention paid to outcomes, that eventually brought about a backlash.
以兒童為中心的教育技術(shù)沒頭沒腦的和不分青紅皂白的應用，而且很少重視結(jié)果，最終帶來了反彈。
The more thoughtful critics did not wish to turn the clock back entirely and return to rotelearning and tyrannical teachers; they simply said that structure and order have their placetoo.
深思熟慮的批評不希望時光完全倒流到死記硬背和教師強橫的時代，他們只是說結(jié)構(gòu)和順序也有自己的位置。
The same seems to be happening now in business.
現(xiàn)在在商業(yè)領域似乎也有同樣的情況。
Mr Breeden argues, sensibly, that managers should treat collaboration and creativity astechniques rather than dogmas.
布里登辯解說，很明顯管理者應該把協(xié)作和創(chuàng)造力當做技巧而非教條。
Diane Hoskins of Gensler speculates that her company s findings about open-plan offices areso striking that they may mark the beginning of a new era in workplace organisation.
公司Gensler的黛安霍斯金斯推測，她們公司的開放辦公室表現(xiàn)是如此引人注目，標志著辦公室組織方式的一個新時代。
When workers start being moved back into separate booths, and the office slide is replacedwith a noticeboard bearing a list of staff instructions, you will know that thecounter-revolution is well under way.
當工人開始被搬回到單獨的辦公間，辦公室不知不覺替換的一個列著員工說明的布告板，你就會知道，反改革的工作正在順利進行。
詞語解釋
1.provide for 為提供生活費;為作準備
There are no known laws that provide for publicaccess to government information.
沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)哪部法律規(guī)定了對政府信息的公開制度。
Even if egypt s islamists refrain from scrapping thepeace treaty, israel fears they will seek to amendthe clauses that provide for sinai s demilitarisation.
就算埃及的伊斯蘭當政者沒有廢除戴維營和平協(xié)議，以色列依然害怕埃及將修改那些規(guī)定西奈半島非軍事化的條款。
2.in the shape of 以形式
We put some post-its on the wall in the shape of space invaders.
我們用即時貼在墻上貼成了太空入侵者的形狀。
It had hit an immovable object in the shape of germany s chancellor, angela merkel.
這個計劃在德國總理安格拉默克爾這面銅墻鐵壁前，碰了一鼻子灰。
3.nursery school n.幼兒園;托兒所
Rioting youths injured 17 police officers and burned a nursery school to the ground.
暴動的年輕人造成17名警員受傷，放火將一所幼兒園夷為平地。
A study that has much to teach was carried out by merei who observed children at ahungarian nursery school.
觀察匈牙利一個幼兒園的梅雷，就進行了一個有很多東西要教授的研究。
4.credit with 相信
This will happen should you get credit with a co-signer.
會出現(xiàn)這種情況你應該得到信貸的共同簽字。
One of the major government privileges granted to gses is a line of credit with the unitedstates treasury.
企業(yè)Gses得到的一個主要特權(quán)是由財政部給予的信用額度。
