高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法-英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文的寫作方法（一）之一

　　英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文的寫作方法（一）之一

　　　　就說(shuō)明對(duì)象而言，英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文可分為對(duì)客觀具體事物的說(shuō)明和對(duì)主觀抽象觀念的說(shuō)明兩大類，比如：對(duì)LASER（激光）、Computer Problem of Year 2000（計(jì)算機(jī)2000年問(wèn)題）等等的說(shuō)明都是對(duì)客觀或者具體事物的說(shuō)明，而The Successful Interview（談成功的面試）、How to Write Good English Composition（如何才能寫好英語(yǔ)作文） 等是對(duì)主觀抽象觀念的說(shuō)明。

　　　　對(duì)我們中學(xué)生朋友來(lái)說(shuō)，在漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文的教學(xué)中似乎比較側(cè)重前者，即解釋客觀具體事物的說(shuō)明文。但在英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文中，闡述和說(shuō)明 主觀抽象觀念的說(shuō)明文占了很大的比重，其中有些類似漢語(yǔ)中的議論文。但是無(wú)論是對(duì)客觀具體事物的說(shuō)明還是對(duì)主觀抽象觀念的闡述，英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文從結(jié)構(gòu)上看大致可分為三個(gè)部分：第一部分一般是文章的第一段，提出文章的主題，也就是說(shuō)，文章想要闡述、說(shuō)明的主要內(nèi)容；第二部分是文章的主體，可由若干個(gè)段落組成，對(duì)文章的主題進(jìn)行展開(kāi)說(shuō)明；第三部分是結(jié)尾段，對(duì)文章的主題作歸納總結(jié)。從英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文的結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出，要寫好英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文的關(guān)鍵在于第二部分如何對(duì)文章主題進(jìn)行展開(kāi)說(shuō)明。在英語(yǔ)中，常見(jiàn)的用來(lái)展開(kāi)文章主題的方法有下列幾種：

　　　　1.羅列法（listing）

　　　　在文章開(kāi)始時(shí)提出需要說(shuō)明的東西和觀點(diǎn)，然后常用first，second，and finally加以羅列說(shuō)明。羅列法廣泛地使用于各類指導(dǎo)性的說(shuō)明文之中，下面這篇學(xué)生作文就是用羅列法寫成的：

　　Early Rising

　　　　Early rising（早起）is helpful in more than one way. First，it helps to keep us fit（健康）.We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides，we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise（做早操）。

　　　　Secondly，early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning，and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.

　　　　Thirdly，early rising enables（使能夠）us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring，so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.

　　　　Fourthly，early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work，such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.

　　　　Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says，Early to bed and early to rise，makes a man healthy，wealthy and wise.

　　　　羅列法經(jīng)常用下列句式展開(kāi)段落，我們可以注意模仿學(xué)習(xí)：

　　　　There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all，Secondly，And finally，

　　　　We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all，Secondly，And finally，

　　　　必須指出的是，有時(shí)羅列法并不一定有明確的first，second等詞，但文章還是以羅列論據(jù)展開(kāi)的。

　　　　2.舉例法（examples）

　　　　舉例法是用具體的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明我們要表達(dá)的意思，常用for example，for instance，still another example is等詞語(yǔ)引出。下面這篇學(xué)生作文就是用舉例法寫成的：

　　Recreation

　　　　It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation（娛樂(lè)）.The mind，too，needs change to make it fresh and vigorous（有活力的）There is much truth in the old saying，All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

　　　　There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done，for instance，football，tennis，and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating，fishing，gardening，cycling，walking，chess-playing，and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles（肌肉）with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work（體力活）should adopt（采納）reading or some other quiet form of recreation.

　　　　Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation，but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience，and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk（輕松）walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor，chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.

　　　　可以看出，舉例法和羅列法有時(shí)可以結(jié)合使用：即用羅列法來(lái)列出例子，用例子充實(shí)羅列的說(shuō)明。

　　　　3.比較法（comparison and contrast）

　　　　比較法是對(duì)兩個(gè)對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較，從而進(jìn)行說(shuō)明的寫作手法。比較法又可細(xì)分為比較相同點(diǎn)（comparison）和比較不同點(diǎn)（contrast）兩種方法，比如：

　　From Paragraph to Essay

　　　　Although they are different in length（長(zhǎng)度），the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure（結(jié)構(gòu)）. For example，the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence（主題句）or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the ess

　　英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文的寫作方法（一）之一

　　　　就說(shuō)明對(duì)象而言，英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文可分為對(duì)客觀具體事物的說(shuō)明和對(duì)主觀抽象觀念的說(shuō)明兩大類，比如：對(duì)LASER（激光）、Computer Problem of Year 2000（計(jì)算機(jī)2000年問(wèn)題）等等的說(shuō)明都是對(duì)客觀或者具體事物的說(shuō)明，而The Successful Interview（談成功的面試）、How to Write Good English Composition（如何才能寫好英語(yǔ)作文） 等是對(duì)主觀抽象觀念的說(shuō)明。

　　　　對(duì)我們中學(xué)生朋友來(lái)說(shuō)，在漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文的教學(xué)中似乎比較側(cè)重前者，即解釋客觀具體事物的說(shuō)明文。但在英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文中，闡述和說(shuō)明 主觀抽象觀念的說(shuō)明文占了很大的比重，其中有些類似漢語(yǔ)中的議論文。但是無(wú)論是對(duì)客觀具體事物的說(shuō)明還是對(duì)主觀抽象觀念的闡述，英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文從結(jié)構(gòu)上看大致可分為三個(gè)部分：第一部分一般是文章的第一段，提出文章的主題，也就是說(shuō)，文章想要闡述、說(shuō)明的主要內(nèi)容；第二部分是文章的主體，可由若干個(gè)段落組成，對(duì)文章的主題進(jìn)行展開(kāi)說(shuō)明；第三部分是結(jié)尾段，對(duì)文章的主題作歸納總結(jié)。從英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文的結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出，要寫好英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文的關(guān)鍵在于第二部分如何對(duì)文章主題進(jìn)行展開(kāi)說(shuō)明。在英語(yǔ)中，常見(jiàn)的用來(lái)展開(kāi)文章主題的方法有下列幾種：

　　　　1.羅列法（listing）

　　　　在文章開(kāi)始時(shí)提出需要說(shuō)明的東西和觀點(diǎn)，然后常用first，second，and finally加以羅列說(shuō)明。羅列法廣泛地使用于各類指導(dǎo)性的說(shuō)明文之中，下面這篇學(xué)生作文就是用羅列法寫成的：

　　Early Rising

　　　　Early rising（早起）is helpful in more than one way. First，it helps to keep us fit（健康）.We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides，we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise（做早操）。

　　　　Secondly，early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning，and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.

　　　　Thirdly，early rising enables（使能夠）us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring，so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.

　　　　Fourthly，early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work，such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.

　　　　Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says，Early to bed and early to rise，makes a man healthy，wealthy and wise.

　　　　羅列法經(jīng)常用下列句式展開(kāi)段落，我們可以注意模仿學(xué)習(xí)：

　　　　There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all，Secondly，And finally，

　　　　We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all，Secondly，And finally，

　　　　必須指出的是，有時(shí)羅列法并不一定有明確的first，second等詞，但文章還是以羅列論據(jù)展開(kāi)的。

　　　　2.舉例法（examples）

　　　　舉例法是用具體的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明我們要表達(dá)的意思，常用for example，for instance，still another example is等詞語(yǔ)引出。下面這篇學(xué)生作文就是用舉例法寫成的：

　　Recreation

　　　　It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation（娛樂(lè)）.The mind，too，needs change to make it fresh and vigorous（有活力的）There is much truth in the old saying，All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

　　　　There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done，for instance，football，tennis，and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating，fishing，gardening，cycling，walking，chess-playing，and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles（肌肉）with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work（體力活）should adopt（采納）reading or some other quiet form of recreation.

　　　　Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation，but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience，and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk（輕松）walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor，chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.

　　　　可以看出，舉例法和羅列法有時(shí)可以結(jié)合使用：即用羅列法來(lái)列出例子，用例子充實(shí)羅列的說(shuō)明。

　　　　3.比較法（comparison and contrast）

　　　　比較法是對(duì)兩個(gè)對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較，從而進(jìn)行說(shuō)明的寫作手法。比較法又可細(xì)分為比較相同點(diǎn)（comparison）和比較不同點(diǎn)（contrast）兩種方法，比如：

　　From Paragraph to Essay

　　　　Although they are different in length（長(zhǎng)度），the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure（結(jié)構(gòu)）. For example，the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence（主題句）or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the ess