符號百科:細(xì)說雅思寫作中的那些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號

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符號百科:細(xì)說雅思寫作中的那些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號

  問號

  感嘆號

  逗點(diǎn)

  冒號

  分號

  連字符

  連接號

  破折號

  括號中括號大括號{})

  引號

  縮寫及所有格符號

  符號全點(diǎn)破

  一、.句點(diǎn)

  1.句點(diǎn)用于當(dāng)一句話完全結(jié)束時(shí)。

  2.句點(diǎn)也可以用于英文單詞的縮寫,如 Mrs., Dr., P.S. 等。但要注意的是當(dāng)縮寫的字母形成了一個(gè)單詞的時(shí)候就不要使用句點(diǎn)。如 IBM, DNA 等。

  二、?問號

  問號要用在一個(gè)直接的問句,而不是間接的。

  如 How will you solve the problem? 是正確的用法,但用在 I wonder how you will solve the problem?就不對了,應(yīng)該使用句點(diǎn)而不是問號。另外,在客氣的用語中,也是用句點(diǎn)而不是問號.如Will you please give me a call tomorrow.

  三、! 感嘆號

  感嘆號用于感嘆和驚嘆的陳述中,在商業(yè)寫作中要注意感嘆號的應(yīng)用,因?yàn)椴磺‘?dāng)?shù)氖褂?/p>

  會顯得突兀及不穩(wěn)重。

  四、;分號

  1.與中文一樣,分號用于分隔地位平等的獨(dú)立子句。在某些情況下,使用分號比使用句點(diǎn)更顯出子句之間的緊密聯(lián)系,另外分號也經(jīng)常與連接副詞 thus, however, therefore一起使用。如 I realize I need exercise; however, Ill lie down first to think about it.

  2.在句子中如果已經(jīng)使用過逗點(diǎn),為了避免歧義的產(chǎn)生,就用分號來分隔相似的內(nèi)容。如The employees were Tom Hanks, the manager; Jim White, the engineer; and Dr. Jack

  需要注意的是:一個(gè)完整的句子以大寫字母開始,以句點(diǎn)結(jié)束。寫英文時(shí)用逗點(diǎn)代替句點(diǎn)、分號、冒號或破折號叫逗號錯(cuò),這正是中國學(xué)生所要避免的。請比較下列例句:

  誤:It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.

  

  正:It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields.

  It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields.

  It was raining so hard that they could not work in the fields.

  They could not work in the fields because it was raining hard.

  It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields.

  As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.

  誤:The essay is poorly organized, there is no central idea.

  正:The essay is poorly organized; there is no central idea.

  The essay is poorly organized: there is no central idea.

  五、:冒號

  1.冒號用于對后面內(nèi)容的介紹或解釋,如 This is her plan: go shopping.

  2.冒號用于名單之前,特別是一個(gè)豎排的名單。

  We transferred three employees to new branches:

  Tony Wang to New York City

  Mike Jackson to Tokyo

  Mark Foster to Paris

  當(dāng)名單橫排的時(shí)候,冒號要用在一個(gè)完整的句子之后,如 We need seven people: three students, three engineers, and a professor.

  3.冒號用于一個(gè)正式的引用之前。如 The professor said: It was horrible.

  4.冒號也可用于商業(yè)或正式信函的稱謂后面,如 Dear Mr. Lee

  美國英語中,信件或演說詞的稱呼語之后用冒號,而在英國英語中多用逗號。)

  5.冒號用于數(shù)字時(shí)間的表示,如16:45 或 4:45 p.m.

  6.冒號用于主標(biāo)題和副標(biāo)題之間,如 Web Directory: World and Non-U.S. Economic Data

  六、,逗點(diǎn)

  1.逗點(diǎn)用于分隔一系列的簡單內(nèi)容,如 I will go to Shanghai, Beijing, and Shenzhen.

  2.逗點(diǎn)用于修飾名詞的多個(gè)形容詞之間,如 a small, fancy bike

  3.逗點(diǎn)用于連接兩個(gè)較長的獨(dú)立子句,而且每個(gè)句子的主語不同,如 The Grizzlies were out of timeouts, and Miller missed a desperation 3-pointer as time expired.

  4.逗點(diǎn)用于關(guān)聯(lián)的子句之間,如 Since hes your younger brother, please take care of him.

  5.逗點(diǎn)用于一個(gè)較長的修飾短語之后,如 In the middle of the coldest winter on record, the pipes froze.

  6.逗點(diǎn)用于直接引用的句子之前,如 Mary said, Lets go fishing.,這里說的和上面提及的冒號在直接引語中的使用不一樣。如果是引用比較正式的發(fā)言講話就要用冒號,一般情況下就用逗點(diǎn)。

  下面列出一些次常用的標(biāo)點(diǎn):

  七、連字號Hyphen

  1.連字號主要用于某些前綴 后和構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞。如: ex-husband,brand-new,poorly-dressed I have forty-thousand or fifty-thousand dollars.

  I want to obtain the whole-year or half-year lease of the apartment.

  當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上復(fù)合詞并用, 而各復(fù)合詞連字號后的部分相同時(shí), 各復(fù)合詞的相同部分只出現(xiàn)一次,應(yīng)改為the whole-or half-year lease.

  2.用于區(qū)分同一詞源

  3.當(dāng)某復(fù)合詞中出現(xiàn)重復(fù)的字母或過多的元音, 使閱讀困難時(shí), 可用連字號把前綴和詞根分開。non-nuclear, re-use, semi-independent

  4.構(gòu)成某些復(fù)合數(shù)字twenty-one during the years 1949-1999 有時(shí), 用作名詞的分?jǐn)?shù)可以不用連字號, 但所有用作形容詞的分詞均須加連字號。如: one fourth of those surveyed

  5.用于一個(gè)詞的一部分要移行, 一般按音節(jié)間斷開單詞加連字號,或根據(jù)發(fā)音,不要把單個(gè)字母留在行尾或行首。注意一頁中最后一個(gè)單詞不能使用連字號將其置于兩頁。

  八、圓括弧Parenthesis )

  1.標(biāo)出表順序的數(shù)字和字母 、 等)

  2.用來表示其中插入的或附加的解釋成分。這個(gè)插入成分可以是單詞、詞組或句子.但要注意,括號會削弱強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,因此,如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)插入的句子成份,則要用破折號。They might take a walk together and see the neighborhood with

  fresh , new eyes.

  九、引號Quotation Marks

  引號分單引號 和雙引號 。單引號

  只用在一個(gè)直接引語中所含有的另一個(gè)直接引語上。

  1.表示直接引語。當(dāng)直接引語超過四行或多于40 個(gè)字詞時(shí), 一般不用引號而改用黑體字以便與文章的其它部分界線清晰Well, the foreigner said to him , you look like an engineer. 句號和逗號必須置于引號 之內(nèi)。

  He told the gunman ,I refuse to do that his knees , however , were

  shaking even as he said those words.

  She called this schedule of activities her load :work , study , exercise

  , recreation , and sleep.

  冒號與分號必置于引號外。

  The teacher asked , Could you understand me?

  Did the teacher ask ,Have they gone?

  Did the teacher ask ,They have gone ?

  The frightened girl screamed ,Help!

  The fellow only said ,Sorry !

  He interrupted me , Now , listenand went on saying.

  問號、感嘆號和破折號有時(shí)置于引號之內(nèi), 有時(shí)置于外號之外。如果所引內(nèi)容本身是疑問

  句或感嘆句或帶有破折號, 問號、感嘆號或破折號一般放在引號之內(nèi)。否則,放在引號之外

  2. 標(biāo)明短篇出版物的標(biāo)題, 諸如雜志、報(bào)紙上的文章、短詩、短篇故事和整部書的某一章

  節(jié)。

  Have you readThe Old Man and the Sea?

  Chapter three is entitledThe Internet .

  3.表示所用的詞語具有特殊意義。另外,當(dāng)俚語出現(xiàn)在較正式的文章中, 也用引號引起來,

  以表示文風(fēng)的有意轉(zhuǎn)變。

  The report contained thefactsof the case.

  The speaker owns afat farmin California , which slims down rich

  overeaters for $2 , 500 a week.

  4. 用于表示引起讀者注意的詞語, 或讀者不熟悉的特殊詞語。

  It is customary to sayYou are welcome whenever anyone saysThank you.

  SOSis a message for help from a ship or aircraft when in danger.

  十、省略號Ell ipsis

  此省略號無論出現(xiàn)在句首、句中、還是句尾,都是表示單詞的省略。

  1. 表示直接引語中的省略

  Max wrote ,...in one word ,manps consciousness , changes with every change

  in the conditions of his material existence....

  句后的省略號和句號的寫法應(yīng)是在一條直線上的四個(gè)黑點(diǎn)。前三個(gè)黑點(diǎn)表示省略號,后一個(gè)

  黑點(diǎn)表句號。

  2. 表示說話中的猶豫或遲疑

  If that the way you think...just go back to school ,he said.

  3. 表示段落或整行詞句的省略, 須使用一整行黑點(diǎn)。

  十一、撇號或省字號Apostrophe

  1.構(gòu)成名詞所有格

  rest my son s

  a moments books

  A three weeks pay

  2.表示詞、字母、數(shù)碼、符號等的復(fù)數(shù)形式

  Dont use so many ands in the sentence.

  How many 5s have you got?

  這與一般單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式不同, 正規(guī)的寫法須在s 前加, 要牢記規(guī)則。

  3.除表動詞的緊縮形式外, 還表一個(gè)或幾個(gè)字母和數(shù)字的省略。

  Ive got it. Yes ,ma am ,the waiter said.

  注意:有相當(dāng)大一部分省略詞是口語中的用法,不宜出現(xiàn)在書面語中。例如:Id like

  to

  

  問號

  感嘆號

  逗點(diǎn)

  冒號

  分號

  連字符

  連接號

  破折號

  括號中括號大括號{})

  引號

  縮寫及所有格符號

  符號全點(diǎn)破

  一、.句點(diǎn)

  1.句點(diǎn)用于當(dāng)一句話完全結(jié)束時(shí)。

  2.句點(diǎn)也可以用于英文單詞的縮寫,如 Mrs., Dr., P.S. 等。但要注意的是當(dāng)縮寫的字母形成了一個(gè)單詞的時(shí)候就不要使用句點(diǎn)。如 IBM, DNA 等。

  二、?問號

  問號要用在一個(gè)直接的問句,而不是間接的。

  如 How will you solve the problem? 是正確的用法,但用在 I wonder how you will solve the problem?就不對了,應(yīng)該使用句點(diǎn)而不是問號。另外,在客氣的用語中,也是用句點(diǎn)而不是問號.如Will you please give me a call tomorrow.

  三、! 感嘆號

  感嘆號用于感嘆和驚嘆的陳述中,在商業(yè)寫作中要注意感嘆號的應(yīng)用,因?yàn)椴磺‘?dāng)?shù)氖褂?/p>

  會顯得突兀及不穩(wěn)重。

  四、;分號

  1.與中文一樣,分號用于分隔地位平等的獨(dú)立子句。在某些情況下,使用分號比使用句點(diǎn)更顯出子句之間的緊密聯(lián)系,另外分號也經(jīng)常與連接副詞 thus, however, therefore一起使用。如 I realize I need exercise; however, Ill lie down first to think about it.

  2.在句子中如果已經(jīng)使用過逗點(diǎn),為了避免歧義的產(chǎn)生,就用分號來分隔相似的內(nèi)容。如The employees were Tom Hanks, the manager; Jim White, the engineer; and Dr. Jack

  需要注意的是:一個(gè)完整的句子以大寫字母開始,以句點(diǎn)結(jié)束。寫英文時(shí)用逗點(diǎn)代替句點(diǎn)、分號、冒號或破折號叫逗號錯(cuò),這正是中國學(xué)生所要避免的。請比較下列例句:

  誤:It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.

  

  正:It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields.

  It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields.

  It was raining so hard that they could not work in the fields.

  They could not work in the fields because it was raining hard.

  It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields.

  As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.

  誤:The essay is poorly organized, there is no central idea.

  正:The essay is poorly organized; there is no central idea.

  The essay is poorly organized: there is no central idea.

  五、:冒號

  1.冒號用于對后面內(nèi)容的介紹或解釋,如 This is her plan: go shopping.

  2.冒號用于名單之前,特別是一個(gè)豎排的名單。

  We transferred three employees to new branches:

  Tony Wang to New York City

  Mike Jackson to Tokyo

  Mark Foster to Paris

  當(dāng)名單橫排的時(shí)候,冒號要用在一個(gè)完整的句子之后,如 We need seven people: three students, three engineers, and a professor.

  3.冒號用于一個(gè)正式的引用之前。如 The professor said: It was horrible.

  4.冒號也可用于商業(yè)或正式信函的稱謂后面,如 Dear Mr. Lee

  美國英語中,信件或演說詞的稱呼語之后用冒號,而在英國英語中多用逗號。)

  5.冒號用于數(shù)字時(shí)間的表示,如16:45 或 4:45 p.m.

  6.冒號用于主標(biāo)題和副標(biāo)題之間,如 Web Directory: World and Non-U.S. Economic Data

  六、,逗點(diǎn)

  1.逗點(diǎn)用于分隔一系列的簡單內(nèi)容,如 I will go to Shanghai, Beijing, and Shenzhen.

  2.逗點(diǎn)用于修飾名詞的多個(gè)形容詞之間,如 a small, fancy bike

  3.逗點(diǎn)用于連接兩個(gè)較長的獨(dú)立子句,而且每個(gè)句子的主語不同,如 The Grizzlies were out of timeouts, and Miller missed a desperation 3-pointer as time expired.

  4.逗點(diǎn)用于關(guān)聯(lián)的子句之間,如 Since hes your younger brother, please take care of him.

  5.逗點(diǎn)用于一個(gè)較長的修飾短語之后,如 In the middle of the coldest winter on record, the pipes froze.

  6.逗點(diǎn)用于直接引用的句子之前,如 Mary said, Lets go fishing.,這里說的和上面提及的冒號在直接引語中的使用不一樣。如果是引用比較正式的發(fā)言講話就要用冒號,一般情況下就用逗點(diǎn)。

  下面列出一些次常用的標(biāo)點(diǎn):

  七、連字號Hyphen

  1.連字號主要用于某些前綴 后和構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞。如: ex-husband,brand-new,poorly-dressed I have forty-thousand or fifty-thousand dollars.

  I want to obtain the whole-year or half-year lease of the apartment.

  當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上復(fù)合詞并用, 而各復(fù)合詞連字號后的部分相同時(shí), 各復(fù)合詞的相同部分只出現(xiàn)一次,應(yīng)改為the whole-or half-year lease.

  2.用于區(qū)分同一詞源

  3.當(dāng)某復(fù)合詞中出現(xiàn)重復(fù)的字母或過多的元音, 使閱讀困難時(shí), 可用連字號把前綴和詞根分開。non-nuclear, re-use, semi-independent

  4.構(gòu)成某些復(fù)合數(shù)字twenty-one during the years 1949-1999 有時(shí), 用作名詞的分?jǐn)?shù)可以不用連字號, 但所有用作形容詞的分詞均須加連字號。如: one fourth of those surveyed

  5.用于一個(gè)詞的一部分要移行, 一般按音節(jié)間斷開單詞加連字號,或根據(jù)發(fā)音,不要把單個(gè)字母留在行尾或行首。注意一頁中最后一個(gè)單詞不能使用連字號將其置于兩頁。

  八、圓括弧Parenthesis )

  1.標(biāo)出表順序的數(shù)字和字母 、 等)

  2.用來表示其中插入的或附加的解釋成分。這個(gè)插入成分可以是單詞、詞組或句子.但要注意,括號會削弱強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,因此,如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)插入的句子成份,則要用破折號。They might take a walk together and see the neighborhood with

  fresh , new eyes.

  九、引號Quotation Marks

  引號分單引號 和雙引號 。單引號

  只用在一個(gè)直接引語中所含有的另一個(gè)直接引語上。

  1.表示直接引語。當(dāng)直接引語超過四行或多于40 個(gè)字詞時(shí), 一般不用引號而改用黑體字以便與文章的其它部分界線清晰Well, the foreigner said to him , you look like an engineer. 句號和逗號必須置于引號 之內(nèi)。

  He told the gunman ,I refuse to do that his knees , however , were

  shaking even as he said those words.

  She called this schedule of activities her load :work , study , exercise

  , recreation , and sleep.

  冒號與分號必置于引號外。

  The teacher asked , Could you understand me?

  Did the teacher ask ,Have they gone?

  Did the teacher ask ,They have gone ?

  The frightened girl screamed ,Help!

  The fellow only said ,Sorry !

  He interrupted me , Now , listenand went on saying.

  問號、感嘆號和破折號有時(shí)置于引號之內(nèi), 有時(shí)置于外號之外。如果所引內(nèi)容本身是疑問

  句或感嘆句或帶有破折號, 問號、感嘆號或破折號一般放在引號之內(nèi)。否則,放在引號之外

  2. 標(biāo)明短篇出版物的標(biāo)題, 諸如雜志、報(bào)紙上的文章、短詩、短篇故事和整部書的某一章

  節(jié)。

  Have you readThe Old Man and the Sea?

  Chapter three is entitledThe Internet .

  3.表示所用的詞語具有特殊意義。另外,當(dāng)俚語出現(xiàn)在較正式的文章中, 也用引號引起來,

  以表示文風(fēng)的有意轉(zhuǎn)變。

  The report contained thefactsof the case.

  The speaker owns afat farmin California , which slims down rich

  overeaters for $2 , 500 a week.

  4. 用于表示引起讀者注意的詞語, 或讀者不熟悉的特殊詞語。

  It is customary to sayYou are welcome whenever anyone saysThank you.

  SOSis a message for help from a ship or aircraft when in danger.

  十、省略號Ell ipsis

  此省略號無論出現(xiàn)在句首、句中、還是句尾,都是表示單詞的省略。

  1. 表示直接引語中的省略

  Max wrote ,...in one word ,manps consciousness , changes with every change

  in the conditions of his material existence....

  句后的省略號和句號的寫法應(yīng)是在一條直線上的四個(gè)黑點(diǎn)。前三個(gè)黑點(diǎn)表示省略號,后一個(gè)

  黑點(diǎn)表句號。

  2. 表示說話中的猶豫或遲疑

  If that the way you think...just go back to school ,he said.

  3. 表示段落或整行詞句的省略, 須使用一整行黑點(diǎn)。

  十一、撇號或省字號Apostrophe

  1.構(gòu)成名詞所有格

  rest my son s

  a moments books

  A three weeks pay

  2.表示詞、字母、數(shù)碼、符號等的復(fù)數(shù)形式

  Dont use so many ands in the sentence.

  How many 5s have you got?

  這與一般單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式不同, 正規(guī)的寫法須在s 前加, 要牢記規(guī)則。

  3.除表動詞的緊縮形式外, 還表一個(gè)或幾個(gè)字母和數(shù)字的省略。

  Ive got it. Yes ,ma am ,the waiter said.

  注意:有相當(dāng)大一部分省略詞是口語中的用法,不宜出現(xiàn)在書面語中。例如:Id like

  to

  

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