2024屆高考英語二輪專題熱點集訓(xùn)：專題14 閱讀理解（命題類型探討）

　　專題十四

　　閱讀理解(命題類型探討)

　　【命題趨勢探秘】

　　命題規(guī)律考查內(nèi)容 考查度 ☆☆☆☆ ☆☆☆☆ ☆☆☆☆

　　考查題型 所占分值

　　4—6分 2—4分

　　命題

　　趨勢所選短文話題新穎，內(nèi)容豐富，在考查考生語言能力的同時，考生豐富知識，開闊眼界。要求考生能讀懂書、報、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡短文段以及公告、說明、廣告等，并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息。考生應(yīng)能：理解主旨和要義；理解文中具體信息；根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；作出判斷和推理；理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；理解作者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度。題干及選項設(shè)置科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、簡潔精煉，使用課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以外的詞匯設(shè)置信息定位具體，考點分布均勻，語言表達簡潔準(zhǔn)確少量信息查詢題外，更多的試題涉及信息重述、主題理解、推理判斷、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、作者意圖等，對思維能力的要求較高。以完整問句的形式出現(xiàn)不必通篇細(xì)看原文，可帶著問題找答案及查讀快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的段落、語句仔細(xì)品味，確定答案。排除法．將“無此細(xì)節(jié)”和“與此細(xì)節(jié)相反”的選項排除。做這種題時可采用首尾定位法，即最先找出第一個動作和最后一個動作，迅速縮小選擇范圍，從而快速選出正確答案。2024·新課標(biāo)全國卷I）

　　The Cambridge Science Festival Curiosity Challenge

　　Dare to Take the Curiosity Challenge!

　　The Cambridge Science Festival (CSF) is pleased to inform you of the sixth annual Curiosity Challenge. The challenge invites, even dares school students between the ages of 5 and 14 to create artwork or a piece of writing that shows their curiosity and how it inspires them to explore their world.

　　Students are being dared to draw a picture, write an article, take a photo or write a poem that shows what they are curious about. To enter the challenge, all artwork or pieces of writing should be sent to the Cambridge Science Festival, MIT Museum, 265 Mass Avenue, Cambridge 02139 by Friday, February 8th.

　　Students who enter the Curiosity Challenge and are selected as winners will be honored at a special ceremony during the CSF on Sunday, April 21st. Guest speakers will also present prizes to the students. Winning entries will be published in a book. Student entries will be exhibited and prizes will be given. Families of those who take part will be included in the celebration and brunch will be served.

　　Between March 10th and March 15th, each winner will be given the specifics of the closing ceremony and the Curiosity Challenge celebration. The program guidelines and other related information are available at: http://cambridgesciencefestival.org.

　　1.Who can take part in the Curiosity Challenge?

　　A. School students. B. Cambridge locals. C. CSF winners. D. MIT artists.

　　2.When will the prize-giving ceremony be held?

　　A. On February 8th.

　　B. On March 10th. C. On March 15th. D. On April 21st.

　　【文章大意】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。創(chuàng)新挑戰(zhàn)賽的參賽通知。該通知介紹了參賽對象、參賽項目和獎項的設(shè)置等方面的事項安排。

　　1細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文章第一段第二句的The challenge invites, even dares school students between the ages of 5 and 14 to create artwork or a piece of writing that shows their curiosity and how it inspires them to explore their world.不難得知該比賽讓學(xué)生來參賽的A。

　　2細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文章第三段第一句的Students who enter the Curiosity Challenge and are selected as winners will be honored at a special ceremony during the CSA on Sunday, April 21st中不難得知頒獎的日期是4月21日。故選D。

　　“greener” toward the environment. “We didn’t know at that time there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it,”says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA.

　　But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement. Business people, political leaders, university professors, and especially millions of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement. “The understanding has increased many, many times,”says Gaylord Nelson, the fromer governor from Wisconsin, who thought up the first Earth Day.

　　According to US government reports, emissions (排放)from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9. Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with, the world is a safer and healthier place. A kind of “Green thinking” has become part of practices.

　　Great improvement has been achieved. In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs; today in 1995 there are about 6,600. Advanced lights, motors, and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution.

　　Twenty-five years ago, there were hardly any education programs for environment.Today, it’s hard to find a public school, university, or law school that does not have such a kind of program. “Until we do that, nothing else will change!” say Bruce Anderson.

　　1. According to Anderson, before 1970, Americans had little idea about_________.

　　A. the social movement B. recycling techniques

　　C. environmental problems D. the importance of Earth Day

　　2. Where does the support for environmental protection mainly come from?

　　A. The grass–roots level. B. The business circle.

　　C. Government officials. D. University professors.

　　3. What have Americans achieved in environmental protection?

　　A. They have cut car emissions to the lowest.

　　B. They have settled their environmental problems.

　　C. They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.

　　D. They have reduced pollution through effective measures.

　　【文章大意1970年的第一個“地球日”以來，美國人在環(huán)保問題的認(rèn)識的改變，以及采取的有效措施，積極應(yīng)對環(huán)境問題等，并且最后也指出了教育在環(huán)保方面的重要性。

　　1.C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第一段的“We didn’t know at that time there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it那個時候我們不知道環(huán)境的存在，更別提環(huán)境問題了，說明了當(dāng)時美國人對于環(huán)境問題沒有足夠的認(rèn)識。A選項social environment錯在了指社會環(huán)境，B選項主要指回收的技巧，范圍太窄，D選項應(yīng)該是environment的重要，而不是Earth Day的重要性。

　　2.A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的第二句話business people, political leaders, university professors, and especially milling of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement商人，政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，大學(xué)教授，尤其是成千上萬的基層的美國人正在參與這項運動。這里強調(diào)了對于這個運動的支持者應(yīng)該是那些普通的美國人，因此答案應(yīng)該是grass-roots level。而排除前面提到的那幾類人。

　　3.D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章的第三段第一句話說明了汽車和卡車的排放從103百萬噸降到了5.5百萬噸，排除答案A。結(jié)合第二句二氧化碳排放超標(biāo)的城市從40個降到了9個，證明C錯誤。根據(jù)第三句話的意義“環(huán)境問題依然是一個嚴(yán)重的問題，”說明了這個問題沒有得到解決，排除B。然后通過本段列舉的這些數(shù)字，證明了美國人采取了有效措施，治理了環(huán)境問題，因此答案選D。

　　【技巧點撥】

　　那么，我們該如何解答閱讀理解的細(xì)節(jié)理解試題呢？

　　1.掌握適當(dāng)?shù)慕忸}技巧

　　1)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解的試題不會將相關(guān)信息直接復(fù)現(xiàn)在選項中，正確的選項都是在原文的基礎(chǔ)上進行改動，即同義替換，將原文中的個別幾個詞進行同義替換。比如原文用名詞表示動作，選項則用動詞直接轉(zhuǎn)述，或原文用的是比較生僻的詞匯，選項用考生更熟悉的詞匯進行轉(zhuǎn)述等。

　　2)如果選項中有意思相反的兩個選項，那么其中一個就是對的；用文章里舉例的句子作為選項時，這個選項往往會成為命題人以假亂真的好題眼；

　　3)文章中有些句子只是解釋補充，或者起過渡作用，這樣的句子比較短，如果相關(guān)內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在選項中，那么通常會是干擾項，一些作為過渡的句子不會是答案。

　　4)每個細(xì)節(jié)理解的試題在原文中都要有一個定位，然后精讀，找出這個中心句或關(guān)鍵詞。

　　5)如果某一選項中的幾個單詞是該段中不同句子的單詞拼湊的，或者從不同的段落里的詞拼湊在一起的，有時看上去很舒服，很有道理，但是要注意，這一定是干擾項?？傊x項的單詞是拼湊的，肯定錯。

　　6)注意問題的主語是誰，它與原文題眼的主語原則上是一致的，主語不一致，那么我們就要提防了。

　　7)在閱讀時要注意各段的“關(guān)鍵詞”。關(guān)鍵詞就是句子主干的賓語。尤其是一些你覺得比較重要的句子，這樣的句子多數(shù)是長難句，命題人會利用這些長難句做文章，比如在長難句的修飾部分(如狀語、定語等)做手腳，此時要留意分析長難句的內(nèi)容。

　　8)對于文章中however后面的句子一定要重視，因為這里往往就是文章要凸現(xiàn)的主題，也是細(xì)節(jié)理解試題的常用題眼。如：

　?。?024·北京） The all-new Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium, situated in the heart of Melbourne’s CBD, is one of Victoria’s leading visitor attractions and an unforgettable outing for the whole family. Having 12 amazing zones of discovery, Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium is the very place that you cannot miss when you visit the city.

　　56. Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium _________ .

　　A. is located at the center of the CBD in the city

　　B. has 12 most attractive places in Melbourne

　　C. admits visitors from 9:30 am untill 6:00 pm

　　D. is beside Crown Entertainment Complex

　　【解析】A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本段第一句說這個水族館situated in the heart of Melbourne’s CBD，這與A項轉(zhuǎn)述為at the center of，與文章的描述一致，因此選A。

　　另外，為提高答題的準(zhǔn)確率，我們在閱讀中需要特別注意并做記號的有：

　　①標(biāo)志類、指示類的信息。

　　a.表示并列關(guān)系：and;also;coupled with等

　　b.表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：but;yet;however;by contrast等

　　c.表示因果關(guān)系：therefor;thereby;consequently;as a result等

　　d.表示遞進關(guān)系：in addition to;even;what’more;furthermore等

　　e.表示重要性的詞：prime;above all;first等

　　以上關(guān)鍵詞有助于我們對文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的把握子主干，即找出整句的主語、謂語、賓語（表語）；找出句中所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語動詞、介詞短語等；3)找出各個從句的引導(dǎo)詞；4)分析各成分之間的關(guān)系；5)注意插入語等其它成分；6)分析固定詞組或固定搭配。These are among some 40 collections that are being shown at “The Museum Of”—the first of several new museums which, over the next two years, will exhibit the objects accumulated by unknown collectors.

　　句子成分分析：首先找出這個句子的主干部分：本句使用了“主系表”結(jié)構(gòu)，本句用介詞短語作表語，介詞賓語collections接了that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，這個定語從句的介詞賓語The Museum Of后面接了同位語，這個同位語的介詞賓語部分又出現(xiàn)一個用which引導(dǎo)的定語從句。

　　句意：這些都是在“主題博物館”正在展出的大約40件藏品之列，在將來的兩年里，該博物館和其他幾個新的博物館都將展出由不出名的收藏者積累的各種物品。

　　在解答細(xì)節(jié)理解試題時，考生容易出現(xiàn)下面這些問題：

　　1)準(zhǔn)確率高，但閱讀速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速閱讀技巧；

　　2)讀的太快做題靠印象和直覺先看題目，后讀文章。先通讀全文，重點讀首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略讀，再審題定位，重疊選項，選出答案。要有把握文章宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)、中心句的能力。

　　TELEPHONE (02)9270111

　　Join in the holiday fun ay the powerhouse this month linked to our new exhibition, Evolution & Revolution: Chinese dress 1700s to now. DON’T FORGET our other special event, the Club Med Circus School which is part of the Circus（馬戲團）！150 years of circus in Australia exhibition experience!

　　?Chinese Folk Dancing: Colorful Chinese dance and musical performances by The Chinese Folk Dancing School of Sydney. Dances include: the Golden and the Chinese drum dance. A feature will be the Qin dynasty Emperor’s count dance. Also included is a show of face painting for Beijing opera performances.

　　Sunday 29 June and Wednesday 2 July in the Turbine Hall, at 11.30 am & 1.30 pm.

　　1.When can you watch the Chinese drum dance?

　　A. On July 2.

　　B. On July 3.

　　C. On July 6.

　　D. On July 8.

　　【解析】A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。在Chinese Folk Dancing欄目中找到的關(guān)鍵詞the Chinese drum dance，再尋找相關(guān)的時間：在七月二日可觀看中國的大鼓表演。由此確定正確答案是A。

　　◇考點2推理判斷題

　　【基礎(chǔ)知識梳理】

　　高考閱讀理解試題中考查推理判斷的試題包括考查對文中某一長難句中具體細(xì)節(jié)的推斷、文中涉及的事件之間因果關(guān)系的推斷、根據(jù)語篇的行文和用詞特點來判斷文章的來源與讀者對象，以及判斷作者的寫作意圖，判斷作者對中心話題的態(tài)度傾向。

　　【核心考點講練】

　　高考閱讀理解試題中考查推理判斷的試題主要從下面幾個方面設(shè)題：

　　1.考查對細(xì)節(jié)的推斷

　　細(xì)節(jié)推斷要求考生根據(jù)語篇內(nèi)容推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)，如時間、地點、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常識進行推理判定。因果推斷

　　要求考生根據(jù)已知結(jié)果推測導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的可能原因?？忌_把握文章的內(nèi)涵，理解文章的真正含義。寫作意圖

　　要求考生根據(jù)文章的論述，推測作者的寫作意圖及運用某種寫作手法的目的。這種題型要求同學(xué)們不但能理解文章的內(nèi)容，同時還要具備對作者闡述問題的寫作方法進行歸納總結(jié)和分析的能力。態(tài)度

　　考查考生做這一類題時一定要留意：

　　正確把握字里行間的意思，切勿用自己的觀點代替作者的觀點。

　　2留意表達感情、態(tài)度觀點的詞語作者的措詞。

　　3結(jié)合自己積累的英語國家的文化傳統(tǒng)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等背景知識來。You’ve flown halfway around the world; you’ve sniffed out this place that nobody in Falongland or Thailand seems to have ever heard of; so what on earth is there to do here? You consider this question as you sink into an old wooden beach chair that holds you above the sand.

　　It was a long journey from Bangkok to Huaplee. By the time you found the bus station and got yourself sorted out, it took almost as long as the flight from Falongland.

　　Huaplee is located just south of Hua Hin, about two hundred kilometres from Bangkok, down the west side of the Gulf of Thailand. Not many tourists find this place, and the ones that do wonder if finding it has been their purpose all along.

　　There’s an apparent laziness that surrounds you here. It’s what this place offers, and it’s free of charge. The small waves that tap the shoreline seem to slow everything down. You settle into your beach chair in preparation for a long rest. You sit there and watch the sea.

　　It’s early afternoon, so the cook comes out and asks what you’d like to eat this evening. Before long he’s rushed off to the market to buy the ingredients for whatever it was that you ordered—every meal fresh and to order. No menu here.

　　There is no poolside noise here but just that wonderfully warm, clear blue sea. There’s no street noise. The only sounds are the murmurs of nature.