2024屆高考英語二輪復習語法專項突破:第11節(jié) 特殊句式(北師大版)
第十一節(jié) 特殊句式
考點一
倒裝
1.全部倒裝就是把全部謂語提到主語之前,常見的類型有:
(1)表示地點、方位或時間的副詞或介詞短語,如here,there,then,up,down,in,out,away,off,in the room,on the wall等置于句首,且主語是名詞時。
There goes the bell.Let's go into the lecture hall.
鈴響了。我們進入演講大廳吧。
At the foot of the mountain lies a village.
山腳下有一個村莊。
(2)表語置于句首,為保持句子平衡,或以示強調(diào),或使上下文銜接。
Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.出席會議的有懷特教授、史密斯教授,還有許多其他客人。
2.部分倒裝
(1)only所修飾的詞、短語或從句位于句首作狀語時。
Only then did he realize the importance of English.
只是在那時他才意識到英語的重要性。
Only when he came back did we find out the truth.
只有當他回來時,我們才查明了事實真相。
[名師點津] 當only修飾主語時,句子不倒裝。
Only you can work out the problem.
只有你能解決這個問題。
(2)含有否定意義的副詞或短語如never,seldom,little,hardly,rarely,by no means,at no time,not until等位于句首時。
Never have I heard a speech as impressive as this.
我從未聽過這么動人的演講。
At no time should you give up studying.
在任何時候你都不應放棄讀書。
(3)so/neither/nor置于句首,表示前面所說的情況也適用于另一個人或事物時。
They love having lots of friends,so do those with disabilities.
他們喜歡擁有許多朋友,殘疾人也是如此。
I don't know who he is,nor do I care.
我不知道他是誰,我也不關心。
[名師點津] so表示“是的,確實”時,重復上文,表示贊同對方的觀點時,主謂語不倒裝。
—He does business successfully.
他做生意很成功。
—So he does.——他確實如此。
(4)so...that中的so位于句首時。
So loudly did he speak that he was heard upstairs.
他說話聲音這么大,樓上都聽得見。
(5)though/as引導讓步狀語從句時,意為“盡管”,通常把句中狀語、表語或動詞提前;若表語是名詞,其前不用冠詞。
Much as I like it,I don't want to buy it.
盡管我很喜歡它,但我不想買。
Try as he would,he might fail again.
盡管他還會嘗試,但可能還會失敗。
(6)當if引導的虛擬條件從句中含有had,were或should等時,如將if省略,則要將had,were或should等移到主語之前。
Were I you,I would take this chance.
如果我是你,我會抓住這次機會。
Should it rain tomorrow,the sports meeting would be put off.如果明天下雨,運動會就會被推遲。
考點二
強調(diào)
1.強調(diào)句型的基本形式為It is/was + 被強調(diào)部分+that/who+ 其他成分
被強調(diào)部分可以是主語、賓語和狀語等。當強調(diào)部分為“人”時,可用that或who,其他情況下用that。
It was in Greece that Olympic competition started.
奧林匹克競賽是在希臘開始的。
It was Columbus that discovered America.
是哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲大陸。
[名師點津] 要注意強調(diào)時間的句型與時間狀語從句的區(qū)別,試比較:
It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.
我昨天半夜才回到家。
It was midnight when I got back home yesterday.
昨天我回到家時,已是半夜了。
2.強調(diào)句型的疑問句形式
(1)一般疑問句:Is/Was it+被強調(diào)部分+that/who+其他成分?
Was it you who told Mary the news?
是你把消息告訴瑪麗的嗎?
(2)特殊疑問句:疑問詞+ is/was it that + 其他成分?
Who was it that helped you find the wallet?
是誰幫你找到錢包的?
3.“not ...until...”的強調(diào)句型為“It is/was not until...that”從句
It was not until the next day that I learned the truth.
直到第二天,我才得知事情的真相。
4.謂語動詞的強調(diào)
強調(diào)句型不能強調(diào)謂語,如果要強調(diào)謂語,需用助動詞do,does或did。
He did write to you last week.
他上周確實給你寫信了。
考點三
省略
1.狀語從句的省略
(1)當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致或從句的主語為it且從句中有be動詞時,可以省略狀語從句中的主語和be動詞。
When (I was)in Japan,I took many beautiful pictures.
在日本時,我拍了許多漂亮的照片。
Though(it was)cold,he still wore a shirt.
盡管冷,他仍穿著件襯衫。
(2)常見if的省略句有:if so,if not,if any,if ever,if necessary等。
Mistakes,if(there are)any,should be corrected.
如果有什么錯誤,就應該改正。
2.不定式的省略
單獨使用動詞不定式符號to而省略后面的部分。
—Would you like to study English with me?
你愿意和我一起學英語嗎?
—Yes,I'd like to.——是的,我愿意。
—Will you join us in the game?
——你愿意加入我們的游戲嗎?
—I'd be glad to.——我很高興能加入。
[名師點津] 如果不定式中含有be,have時,be和have通常保留。
—Are you a sailor? ——你是水手嗎?
—No,but I used to be.——不,但我曾經(jīng)是。
考點四
主謂一致
1.就近原則
(1)由or,either...or...,neither...nor...,not only...but also...等連接兩個或兩個以上的并列主語時,謂語動詞要與離它最近的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。
Neither his parents nor his wife is at home.
他父母和他妻子都不在家。
You or I am going to meet them at the station this afternoon.我或者你今天下午要去車站接他們。
[名師點津] 當主語后面有with,together with,along with,as well as,rather than,but,except等連接的短語時,其謂語動詞的單復數(shù)要與它們前面的主語保持一致。
The professor with a number of students was doing experiments in the lab at that time.
那時教授帶著許多學生正在實驗室里做實驗。
(2)由there,here引起的主語不止一個時,謂語動詞要與離它最近的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。即就近原則。
There is a table and some chairs in the room.
房間里有一張桌子和幾把椅子。
2.常見謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況
(1)由連詞連接的并列成分表示一身兼二職或指的是同一概念,作主語時用單數(shù)。
The worker and artist is from Wuhan.
那位工人兼藝術家來自武漢。
(2)當被every,each,no,many a等修飾的名詞用and連接時,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。
Every boy and every girl has the right to education.
每一個男孩和女孩都有受教育的權利。
(3)不定式、動名詞或句子作主語時,謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。
To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.
早睡早起是一個好習慣。
What we need is more time.
我們需要的是更多的時間。
[名師點津] 主語為表示時間、距離、金錢等整體概念的名詞時用單數(shù)。
Two hours is not long enough for the work.
對于做這項工作來說,兩個小時不算長。
3.常見謂語動詞用復數(shù)的情況
(1)由and連接的兩個并列成分表示不同的概念。
Both bread and butter are sold out.
面包和黃油都賣完了。
(2)people,police,cattle等有生命的集體名詞作主語。
The police are searching for the thief.
警察正在捉小偷。
比較:The Chinese people is a great people.中華民族是一個偉大的民族。(people 作為“民族”講時,作單數(shù)用)
(3)“the+形容詞”表示一類人時。
The rich are for the plan,but the poor are against it.
富人贊成這個計劃,而窮人反對。
(4)“quantities/amounts of + 名詞”作主語時。
Great quantities of sand were washed down the hillside by the rain.雨水把大量的泥沙沖下山坡。
4.謂語動詞單復數(shù)視情況而定
(1)單復數(shù)同形的名詞如means,works,sheep,fish,deer等作主語時,要根據(jù)具體情況而定。
Every means has been tried.=All means have been tried.所有的方法都已經(jīng)試過了。
(2)“分數(shù)/百分數(shù)或the rest等+名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞要和of后的名詞在數(shù)上保持一致。
More than 70 percent of the surface of our planet is covered by water.
我們這顆行星70%多的表面被水覆蓋。
One-third of the students are girls in our group.
我們組三分之一的成員都是女生。
(3)由“a kind of,many kinds of+名詞”和“名詞+of this kind”等,以及type,sort等構成的同類型短語作主語時,謂語動詞與of前面的名詞保持數(shù)的一致。
This kind of animals is dangerous.=Animals of this kind are dangerous.這種動物很危險。
考點五
反意疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句和there be結構
1.反意疑問句的主要考點
(1)一般情況下,陳述部分肯定,反意疑問句否定,反之亦然。
John will go home,won't he?
約翰要回家了,是嗎?
(2)當陳述部分有seldom,hardly,scarcely,never,few,little等否定或半否定詞時,反意疑問句用肯定形式。
He could hardly write his name,could he?
他幾乎不會寫他的名字,是嗎?
(3)當陳述部分的主句謂語動詞為think,believe,suppose,expect等,且主句主語為第一人稱時,疑問部分的主語和時態(tài)與賓語從句的主語和時態(tài)保持一致;主句的主語為第二、三人稱時,后面的疑問句與主句的主語、謂語一致。
I don't believe he will succeed,will he?
我認為他不會成功,是嗎?
Tom doesn't believe they will succeed,does he?
湯姆不相信他們能成功,對嗎?
(4)祈使句的反意疑問句
①肯定祈使句,+ will/won't you?
Come down quickly,will/won't you?
快下來,好嗎?
否定祈使句,+ will you?
Don't run in the street,will you?
不要在大街上跑,好嗎?
Let's ...,+ shall we?
Let's go to the cinema,shall we?
我們?nèi)タ措娪?,好嗎?/p>
Let us ...,+ will/won't you?
Let us go to the cinema,will/won't you?
(你)讓我們?nèi)タ措娪?,好嗎?/p>
[名師點津] must,may,can't等表示推測時,其反意疑問句不是根據(jù)情態(tài)動詞變化,而是根據(jù)去掉情態(tài)動詞之后的實意動詞的形式而變化。
You must be very hungry,aren't you?
你一定很餓了,是嗎?
He can't have seen the film,has he?
他不可能看過這部影片,是嗎?
2.祈使句的主要考點
(1)帶主語的祈使句
為了加強語氣或明確表明向誰提出命令或要求,需加主語“you”。
Tom,you clean the blackboard.湯姆,你去擦黑板。
(2)重要句式:“祈使句+and/or+陳述句”
Work hard and you'll succeed.
努力工作,你就會成功。
3.感嘆句的形式
What+(a/an)+形容詞+名詞+主語+謂語!
How+形容詞+a/an+名詞+主語+謂語!
How+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語!
What a clever boy he is!
?。紿ow clever the boy is!
多聰明的孩子?。?/p>
What beautiful flowers these are!
?。紿ow beautiful these flowers are!
這些花多美啊!
4.there be結構
(1)there be結構的謂語形式
there be結構中的謂語動詞可用seem to be,happen to be或remain,stand,lie,exist,live等轉(zhuǎn)換。
There seems to be a misunderstanding between us.
我們之間好像有些誤會。
There lies a small town at the foot of the mountain.
山腳下有一個小鎮(zhèn)。
(2)there be結構的非謂語形式
there be的非謂語動詞形式主要有兩種there to be和there being。
We expect there to be more discussion about this.
我們期望能對此展開更多的討論。
I never dreamed of there being any good chance for me.
我做夢也沒想到我會有好機會。
[本節(jié)小結]
近幾年高考在重視對語境、語意的考查的同時并沒有完全放棄對語言形式、語言知識類題目的測試。尤其是倒裝和強調(diào)兩部分內(nèi)容在高考中仍占有較大的比重。所以在日常備考中仍要重點掌握強調(diào)句以及其他表達強調(diào)的方法、部分倒裝和全部倒裝的區(qū)別、反意疑問句及感嘆句的結構??忌煜び⒄Z中一些較為特殊的表達方式,了解特殊句式所使用的語言環(huán)境,熟練而準確地在特定的語言環(huán)境中使用這些特殊結構。
針對訓練
.完成句子
1.(2024·大綱全國卷)護士們不僅想增加工資而且也想減少工作時間。(倒裝句)
________________want a pay increase,they want reduced hours as well.
【答案】 Not only do the nurses
2.(2024·大綱全國卷)明天給我打電話,我會告訴你實驗的結果。(祈使句)