2024屆廣東省廣州市天河中學高考英語語法一輪復(fù)習基礎(chǔ)知識點精講:省略句02(含答案)
三、?省略在句子中的運用
在一個句子中,省略可分為依賴上下文省略和不依賴上下文省略兩種。前者省略的部分可在句子中找到,但后者可能找不到。A.?簡單句中的省略1.依賴上下文的省略,在對話中最為常用。 ? Like more beer 再要點啤酒嗎?(= Would you like more beer) ? — Would you mind if I used your telephone 用一下你的電話,你介意嗎? ? — Not at all. 一點也不。(= I do not mind at all.) ? — Will he pass this examination他這次考試會通過嗎? ? — Probably. 大概會的。(= He will probably pass the examination.) ? 提示: ? 被省略的部分一般可以根據(jù)上下文在句子中補上,但有時省略結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)定型,如果把省略部分補上,反而顯得累贅或不合乎習慣。 ? An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. 一日之計在于晨。(在two后補上hours顯得羅嗦。) ? It is now ten to seven. 現(xiàn)在七點十分。(如說It is now ten minutes to seven o'clock. 顯得累贅) ? No parking. 禁止停車。(= No parking is allowed here. 告示用語,補上不合乎習慣。)2.不依賴于上下文的省略。 ? All aboard!? 請上船。(=All go aboard. 省略謂語) ? What exciting news! 多么令人激動的消息??!(= What exciting news it is! 省略主語+謂語) ? Sounds like a good idea. 聽上去是個好主意。(= It sounds like a good idea. 省略主語) ? Everybody appears well prepared. 看起來大家都準備好了。(=Everybody appears to be well prepared. 省略不定式to be)B.?并列句中的省略
并列句中如果前后分句有相同的部分,常常可以省略掉,以避免重復(fù)。通常被省略的可以是主語、謂語、謂語動詞、賓語或其它成分,或句子成分的一部分。1.省略出現(xiàn)在后一分句。 ? John likes collecting stamps but (John) hates listening to music. 約翰喜歡集郵但不喜歡聽音樂。(省略主語) ? Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested. 有些書是應(yīng)當嘗嘗滋味的,有些書是應(yīng)當吞食下去的,有少數(shù)書是應(yīng)當咀嚼和消化的。(省略謂語) ? I have been to Beijing and (I have) seen the Great Wall. 我到過北京,見到了萬里長城。(省略主語+助動詞) ? I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to (see the film).? 我請他去看電影,但他不想去。(省略作賓語的不定式) ? 注意: ? 為了避免重復(fù),不定式可以省去與句子前面重復(fù)的動詞原形,但不定式符號to必須保留(詳見第5章)。 ? —Will you join in the game 你愿意參加這項活動嗎? ? —I'd be glad to (join in the game). 我很樂意參加。 ? I didn't want to go there, but I had to (go there). 我不想去那里,但沒辦法。
2.省略出現(xiàn)在前一分句。 ? We can (win tomorrow's match), and certainly will, win tomorrow's match. 我們能夠,而且一定會在明天的比賽中獲勝。(前一分句省略謂語+賓語) ? I wished (to find him), yet feared to find him. 我又想找到他,又怕找到他。3.前后兩個分句都出現(xiàn)省略。 ? They can (pay the full fee) and (they) should pay the full fee. 他們能夠也應(yīng)該支付全部費用。 ? I'll fly to (Guangzhou), but (I'll) drive back from Guangzhou. 我將飛往廣州,但開車回來。
C.復(fù)合句中的省略 ? 在主從復(fù)合句中,省略的現(xiàn)象是很普遍的。1.省略主句的句首部分。 ? (I'm) Sorry I couldn't go. 很抱歉,我不能去。 ? (Is there) Nothing more you want to say 你沒什么要補充嗎?2.省略整個主句或主句的一部分(回答問題時常用)。 ? (It is a ) Pity he's failed. 很遺憾,他失敗了。 ? If he says he'll come, he will (come). 如果他說來,他就一定會來。 ? What (will happen) if it's raining 如果天下雨怎么辦? ? — Where is it 那東西在哪里? ? —(It is) Where you left it. 就在你放的地方。 ? — How are you getting on with your English 你的英語學得怎么樣? ? — (I'm) Not (getting on) so well as I expected.沒有我預(yù)計的那樣好。 ? — Will you go abroad soon 你很快要出國嗎? —?(I'll) Not (go abroad) until I graduate from the college next summer. 要到明年夏天大學畢業(yè)后才走。3.在一些狀語從句中,如果謂語動詞是be,主語又和主句的主語一致,或者主語是it,常??梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z和be省略掉。 ? ①以when, while, once, until等連詞引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句 ? When (you are) in Rome do as Rome does. 入國問禁,入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。 ? Whenever (it is) possible, you should speak English as much as you can. 在任何可能的時間,你應(yīng)多講英語。(省略的主語it并不和主句的主語一致) ? Please come as soon as (it is) possible. 請盡快來。 ? 注意: ? 由連詞before和after引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句,如省略了主語和be之后,before和after就成了介詞。 ? The old machine must be checked before it is used. 這臺舊機器在使用前必須檢查。 ? 【誤】The old machine must be checked before used. (動詞的-ed形式不可做介詞的賓語) ? 【正】The old machine must be checked before being used. ? He told me the truth after he was asked three times. 問了他三遍他才告訴我真相。 ? 【誤】He told me the truth after asked three times. ? 【正】He told me the truth after being asked three times. ? ②以as if, as though等連詞引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句 ? She lay there, as if (she was) dead. 她躺在那兒,好像死了。(省略的主語和主句的主語一致) ? He opened his lips as if (he were going) to say something. 他張開嘴唇,好像要說什么話似的。 ? ③以if, unless等連詞引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句 ? We shall start at eight, if (it is) convenient. 如果方便的話,我們八點鐘出發(fā)。 ? Correct the mistakes in the following sentences, if (there are) any. 如果下面句子中有錯,請加以改正。 ? English words are easily forgotten unless (they are) constantly repeated. 英語單詞不經(jīng)常重復(fù)是很容易忘記的。 ? ④以even if, even though, though, although, whether等連詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句 ? Frost is possible, though (it is) not probable, even at the end of May. 甚至在五月底下霜也是可能的,雖然可能性不太大。 ? Whether (it is) difficult or not, we will try our best to complete the task. 不管任務(wù)是否艱巨,我們都要盡力去完成。 ? Whatever the cause (may be), the result is certain. 不論原因是什么,結(jié)果是確定的。 ? Though (he is) young, he knows a lot. 他雖然年輕但懂得很多。 ? 提示: ? 在這類從句中,如果be是助動詞,后面跟著現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞,只要主語和從句中的主語相同,也可以把從句中的主語和助動詞be省略掉。 ? He hurt his leg while (he was) riding a horse. 他在騎馬時傷了腿。 ? When (you are) cycling, don't forget the traffic lights. 騎車時,不要忘記看紅綠燈。 ? Once (it is) seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦看見,就永遠不會忘記。 ? If (it is) burnt, rubber can give off a poisonous gas. 橡膠如果燃燒起來,會發(fā)出有毒氣體。4.在比較從句中通常把和主句重復(fù)的部分省掉。 ? ①省略謂語的全部 ? James enjoys the theatre more than Susan. 詹姆斯比蘇姆更喜歡戲劇。(Susan后省略了enjoys the theatre) ? Tom has as many books as Jack. 湯姆有跟杰克一樣多的書。(Jack后省略了has many books) ? ②省略主語和謂語的一部分 ? Brown speaks French as fluently as English. 布朗說法語和英語一樣流利。(as后省略了he speaks) ? She was more angry than frightened. 與其說她害怕,倒不如說她生氣。(than后省略了She was) ? ③省略表語部分 ? Mrs White is not so young as she looks. 懷特夫人沒有看上去那樣年輕。(looks后省略了young) ? The situation is much more delicate than it seems. 情況要比表面上看起來微妙得多。(seems后省略了delicate) ? ④省略主語和謂語的大部分,保留狀語 ? He is working harder than before. 他現(xiàn)在工作比過去努力多了。(than后省略了he worked hard) ? There are as many students in our school as in their school. 我們學校的學生和他們學校的學生一樣多。(as后省略了there are many students) ? ⑤省略主語 ? He drank a little more than was good for him. 他喝酒稍有一點過量。(than后省略了it) ? ⑥省略賓語 ? You spent more money than I had expected. 你花掉的錢比我預(yù)料的多。(expected后省略了that you should spend) ? I was able to borrow as many books as (what) I asked for. 我想要的許多書如數(shù)借到。 ? ⑦省略從句的全部 ? You are getting slimmer. 你越來越苗條了。(slimmer后省略了than you were before) ? It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes. People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly. 不僅僅只是瞎子才犯如此愚蠢的錯誤。有時候,眼睛看得見的人也做出同樣的蠢事。(foolishly后省略了as blind men act) ? 注意: ? 在這類句子中,被省略的部分大多數(shù)是不表示出來的。如果把省略部分補上,反而不合乎習慣。 ? He is taller than I am. 他比我高。(am之后省略tall,補上不合習慣)5.主句和從句中可同時省略一些成分。 ? The sooner (this is done), the better (it will be). 越快越好。 ? (If you take) No pains, (you will make) no gains. (諺)不勞則無獲。C.?使用替代詞的省略
我們在省略句子某些成分時,有時還必須加上適當?shù)奶娲~,如do, so, one等,以保持句子意思的完整。
do ? do用來代替動詞或動詞加其他成分。 ? I know you better than he does. 我比他更了解你。(he does等于he knows you) ? --- Have you finished your work ? --- Yes, I did yesterday. (did替代finished my work) ? 2.so ? so在expect, think, imagine, hope, suppose, believe等詞后面,代替單詞、詞組或句子。 ? She became a loyal friend to me and remains so. 她成了我的一個忠誠的朋友,而且一直如此。(so替代a loyal friend) ? --- Has she ever been to London 她曾到過倫敦嗎 ? --- I don't think so. 我想她沒去過。(= I don't think she has been to London.)
? 提示: ? 也可使用do so, do that來代替動詞加賓語。 ? He said he would make the bed for me but he didn't do so. 他說他幫我整理床鋪的,但是他沒有這樣做。(do so代替make the bed for me)? ? They played cards after supper and I watched them do that. 他們晚飯后打牌,我在一旁觀看。(do that代替play cards) ? 3.not ? not代替否定的句子,用法和so相似。 ? --- Will it rain tomorrow 明天會下雨嗎 ? --- I hope not. 我希望不會。(= I hope it won't rain tomorrow.) ? --- Can you come next week 你下星期能來嗎 ? --- I'm afraid not. 恐怕我不能來。(= I'm afraid that I can not come.) ? 4.the same ? the same可代替詞組或從句。 ? The mother swept the floor and her child did the same. 母親掃地, 孩子也跟著干。(the same代替swept the floor) ? Kate ordered two fried eggs. I ordered the same. 凱特點了兩個煎雞蛋,我也點了同樣的菜。(the same代替two fried eggs) ? These oranges are just as sour as the last ones we had. They taste the same. 這些桔子和我們上次吃的一樣酸。他們味道一樣。(the same代替as sour as the last ones we had) ? 5.one ? one是不定代詞,常用來代替可數(shù)名詞。其復(fù)數(shù)形式是ones。 ? I haven't got any books; can you lend me one 我沒有書,你能借我一本嗎 ? The white dresses go with the hat better than the blue ones. 白色套裝比藍色套裝更配這頂帽子。 ? 必背: ? 口語中常用的省略句。 ? Up to you!你說了算! ? Believe me. 相信我。 ? Give me a hand. 幫我一下。 ? Doesn't matter. 沒關(guān)系。 ? Me too. 我也一樣。 ? Not yet. 還沒有。 ? Too bad! 太糟糕啦! ? Mind you!當心! ? Where to? 要去哪兒? ? Sure, no problem. 當然,沒問題。 ? That much 太貴了吧? ? Get lost! 滾開! ? So that explains it. 原來如此 ? Too strange to be true! 太奇怪了,不真實。 ? See what I mean 了解我的意思嗎?
三、?省略在句子中的運用
在一個句子中,省略可分為依賴上下文省略和不依賴上下文省略兩種。前者省略的部分可在句子中找到,但后者可能找不到。A.?簡單句中的省略1.依賴上下文的省略,在對話中最為常用。 ? Like more beer 再要點啤酒嗎?(= Would you like more beer) ? — Would you mind if I used your telephone 用一下你的電話,你介意嗎? ? — Not at all. 一點也不。(= I do not mind at all.) ? — Will he pass this examination他這次考試會通過嗎? ? — Probably. 大概會的。(= He will probably pass the examination.) ? 提示: ? 被省略的部分一般可以根據(jù)上下文在句子中補上,但有時省略結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)定型,如果把省略部分補上,反而顯得累贅或不合乎習慣。 ? An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. 一日之計在于晨。(在two后補上hours顯得羅嗦。) ? It is now ten to seven. 現(xiàn)在七點十分。(如說It is now ten minutes to seven o'clock. 顯得累贅) ? No parking. 禁止停車。(= No parking is allowed here. 告示用語,補上不合乎習慣。)2.不依賴于上下文的省略。 ? All aboard!? 請上船。(=All go aboard. 省略謂語) ? What exciting news! 多么令人激動的消息??!(= What exciting news it is! 省略主語+謂語) ? Sounds like a good idea. 聽上去是個好主意。(= It sounds like a good idea. 省略主語) ? Everybody appears well prepared. 看起來大家都準備好了。(=Everybody appears to be well prepared. 省略不定式to be)B.?并列句中的省略
并列句中如果前后分句有相同的部分,常常可以省略掉,以避免重復(fù)。通常被省略的可以是主語、謂語、謂語動詞、賓語或其它成分,或句子成分的一部分。1.省略出現(xiàn)在后一分句。 ? John likes collecting stamps but (John) hates listening to music. 約翰喜歡集郵但不喜歡聽音樂。(省略主語) ? Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested. 有些書是應(yīng)當嘗嘗滋味的,有些書是應(yīng)當吞食下去的,有少數(shù)書是應(yīng)當咀嚼和消化的。(省略謂語) ? I have been to Beijing and (I have) seen the Great Wall. 我到過北京,見到了萬里長城。(省略主語+助動詞) ? I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to (see the film).? 我請他去看電影,但他不想去。(省略作賓語的不定式) ? 注意: ? 為了避免重復(fù),不定式可以省去與句子前面重復(fù)的動詞原形,但不定式符號to必須保留(詳見第5章)。 ? —Will you join in the game 你愿意參加這項活動嗎? ? —I'd be glad to (join in the game). 我很樂意參加。 ? I didn't want to go there, but I had to (go there). 我不想去那里,但沒辦法。
2.省略出現(xiàn)在前一分句。 ? We can (win tomorrow's match), and certainly will, win tomorrow's match. 我們能夠,而且一定會在明天的比賽中獲勝。(前一分句省略謂語+賓語) ? I wished (to find him), yet feared to find him. 我又想找到他,又怕找到他。3.前后兩個分句都出現(xiàn)省略。 ? They can (pay the full fee) and (they) should pay the full fee. 他們能夠也應(yīng)該支付全部費用。 ? I'll fly to (Guangzhou), but (I'll) drive back from Guangzhou. 我將飛往廣州,但開車回來。
C.復(fù)合句中的省略 ? 在主從復(fù)合句中,省略的現(xiàn)象是很普遍的。1.省略主句的句首部分。 ? (I'm) Sorry I couldn't go. 很抱歉,我不能去。 ? (Is there) Nothing more you want to say 你沒什么要補充嗎?2.省略整個主句或主句的一部分(回答問題時常用)。 ? (It is a ) Pity he's failed. 很遺憾,他失敗了。 ? If he says he'll come, he will (come). 如果他說來,他就一定會來。 ? What (will happen) if it's raining 如果天下雨怎么辦? ? — Where is it 那東西在哪里? ? —(It is) Where you left it. 就在你放的地方。 ? — How are you getting on with your English 你的英語學得怎么樣? ? — (I'm) Not (getting on) so well as I expected.沒有我預(yù)計的那樣好。 ? — Will you go abroad soon 你很快要出國嗎? —?(I'll) Not (go abroad) until I graduate from the college next summer. 要到明年夏天大學畢業(yè)后才走。3.在一些狀語從句中,如果謂語動詞是be,主語又和主句的主語一致,或者主語是it,常常可以把從句中的主語和be省略掉。 ? ①以when, while, once, until等連詞引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句 ? When (you are) in Rome do as Rome does. 入國問禁,入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。 ? Whenever (it is) possible, you should speak English as much as you can. 在任何可能的時間,你應(yīng)多講英語。(省略的主語it并不和主句的主語一致) ? Please come as soon as (it is) possible. 請盡快來。 ? 注意: ? 由連詞before和after引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句,如省略了主語和be之后,before和after就成了介詞。 ? The old machine must be checked before it is used. 這臺舊機器在使用前必須檢查。 ? 【誤】The old machine must be checked before used. (動詞的-ed形式不可做介詞的賓語) ? 【正】The old machine must be checked before being used. ? He told me the truth after he was asked three times. 問了他三遍他才告訴我真相。 ? 【誤】He told me the truth after asked three times. ? 【正】He told me the truth after being asked three times. ? ②以as if, as though等連詞引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句 ? She lay there, as if (she was) dead. 她躺在那兒,好像死了。(省略的主語和主句的主語一致) ? He opened his lips as if (he were going) to say something. 他張開嘴唇,好像要說什么話似的。 ? ③以if, unless等連詞引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句 ? We shall start at eight, if (it is) convenient. 如果方便的話,我們八點鐘出發(fā)。 ? Correct the mistakes in the following sentences, if (there are) any. 如果下面句子中有錯,請加以改正。 ? English words are easily forgotten unless (they are) constantly repeated. 英語單詞不經(jīng)常重復(fù)是很容易忘記的。 ? ④以even if, even though, though, although, whether等連詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句 ? Frost is possible, though (it is) not probable, even at the end of May. 甚至在五月底下霜也是可能的,雖然可能性不太大。 ? Whether (it is) difficult or not, we will try our best to complete the task. 不管任務(wù)是否艱巨,我們都要盡力去完成。 ? Whatever the cause (may be), the result is certain. 不論原因是什么,結(jié)果是確定的。 ? Though (he is) young, he knows a lot. 他雖然年輕但懂得很多。 ? 提示: ? 在這類從句中,如果be是助動詞,后面跟著現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞,只要主語和從句中的主語相同,也可以把從句中的主語和助動詞be省略掉。 ? He hurt his leg while (he was) riding a horse. 他在騎馬時傷了腿。 ? When (you are) cycling, don't forget the traffic lights. 騎車時,不要忘記看紅綠燈。 ? Once (it is) seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦看見,就永遠不會忘記。 ? If (it is) burnt, rubber can give off a poisonous gas. 橡膠如果燃燒起來,會發(fā)出有毒氣體。4.在比較從句中通常把和主句重復(fù)的部分省掉。 ? ①省略謂語的全部 ? James enjoys the theatre more than Susan. 詹姆斯比蘇姆更喜歡戲劇。(Susan后省略了enjoys the theatre) ? Tom has as many books as Jack. 湯姆有跟杰克一樣多的書。(Jack后省略了has many books) ? ②省略主語和謂語的一部分 ? Brown speaks French as fluently as English. 布朗說法語和英語一樣流利。(as后省略了he speaks) ? She was more angry than frightened. 與其說她害怕,倒不如說她生氣。(than后省略了She was) ? ③省略表語部分 ? Mrs White is not so young as she looks. 懷特夫人沒有看上去那樣年輕。(looks后省略了young) ? The situation is much more delicate than it seems. 情況要比表面上看起來微妙得多。(seems后省略了delicate) ? ④省略主語和謂語的大部分,保留狀語 ? He is working harder than before. 他現(xiàn)在工作比過去努力多了。(than后省略了he worked hard) ? There are as many students in our school as in their school. 我們學校的學生和他們學校的學生一樣多。(as后省略了there are many students) ? ⑤省略主語 ? He drank a little more than was good for him. 他喝酒稍有一點過量。(than后省略了it) ? ⑥省略賓語 ? You spent more money than I had expected. 你花掉的錢比我預(yù)料的多。(expected后省略了that you should spend) ? I was able to borrow as many books as (what) I asked for. 我想要的許多書如數(shù)借到。 ? ⑦省略從句的全部 ? You are getting slimmer. 你越來越苗條了。(slimmer后省略了than you were before) ? It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes. People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly. 不僅僅只是瞎子才犯如此愚蠢的錯誤。有時候,眼睛看得見的人也做出同樣的蠢事。(foolishly后省略了as blind men act) ? 注意: ? 在這類句子中,被省略的部分大多數(shù)是不表示出來的。如果把省略部分補上,反而不合乎習慣。 ? He is taller than I am. 他比我高。(am之后省略tall,補上不合習慣)5.主句和從句中可同時省略一些成分。 ? The sooner (this is done), the better (it will be). 越快越好。 ? (If you take) No pains, (you will make) no gains. (諺)不勞則無獲。C.?使用替代詞的省略
我們在省略句子某些成分時,有時還必須加上適當?shù)奶娲~,如do, so, one等,以保持句子意思的完整。
do ? do用來代替動詞或動詞加其他成分。 ? I know you better than he does. 我比他更了解你。(he does等于he knows you) ? --- Have you finished your work ? --- Yes, I did yesterday. (did替代finished my work) ? 2.so ? so在expect, think, imagine, hope, suppose, believe等詞后面,代替單詞、詞組或句子。 ? She became a loyal friend to me and remains so. 她成了我的一個忠誠的朋友,而且一直如此。(so替代a loyal friend) ? --- Has she ever been to London 她曾到過倫敦嗎 ? --- I don't think so. 我想她沒去過。(= I don't think she has been to London.)
? 提示: ? 也可使用do so, do that來代替動詞加賓語。 ? He said he would make the bed for me but he didn't do so. 他說他幫我整理床鋪的,但是他沒有這樣做。(do so代替make the bed for me)? ? They played cards after supper and I watched them do that. 他們晚飯后打牌,我在一旁觀看。(do that代替play cards) ? 3.not ? not代替否定的句子,用法和so相似。 ? --- Will it rain tomorrow 明天會下雨嗎 ? --- I hope not. 我希望不會。(= I hope it won't rain tomorrow.) ? --- Can you come next week 你下星期能來嗎 ? --- I'm afraid not. 恐怕我不能來。(= I'm afraid that I can not come.) ? 4.the same ? the same可代替詞組或從句。 ? The mother swept the floor and her child did the same. 母親掃地, 孩子也跟著干。(the same代替swept the floor) ? Kate ordered two fried eggs. I ordered the same. 凱特點了兩個煎雞蛋,我也點了同樣的菜。(the same代替two fried eggs) ? These oranges are just as sour as the last ones we had. They taste the same. 這些桔子和我們上次吃的一樣酸。他們味道一樣。(the same代替as sour as the last ones we had) ? 5.one ? one是不定代詞,常用來代替可數(shù)名詞。其復(fù)數(shù)形式是ones。 ? I haven't got any books; can you lend me one 我沒有書,你能借我一本嗎 ? The white dresses go with the hat better than the blue ones. 白色套裝比藍色套裝更配這頂帽子。 ? 必背: ? 口語中常用的省略句。 ? Up to you!你說了算! ? Believe me. 相信我。 ? Give me a hand. 幫我一下。 ? Doesn't matter. 沒關(guān)系。 ? Me too. 我也一樣。 ? Not yet. 還沒有。 ? Too bad! 太糟糕啦! ? Mind you!當心! ? Where to? 要去哪兒? ? Sure, no problem. 當然,沒問題。 ? That much 太貴了吧? ? Get lost! 滾開! ? So that explains it. 原來如此 ? Too strange to be true! 太奇怪了,不真實。 ? See what I mean 了解我的意思嗎?