2024年高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)講練測:必修3 語法專題復(fù)習(xí) 動詞時態(tài)語態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)(1)(講)(原卷版)
(講)-2024年高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)講練測(原卷版)
動詞時態(tài)語態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)(1)
語法知識精動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
【高考考綱解讀】
時態(tài)與語態(tài)一直是熱點,也是廣大考生復(fù)習(xí)備考的難點??季V要求考生應(yīng)該具備較強的語言應(yīng)用能力,能在具體語境中恰當(dāng)、準(zhǔn)確地使用某一特定時態(tài);熟練掌握常見的8種時態(tài),同時還要熟練運用特殊時態(tài)句式和用法以及不用被動式但表示被動的動詞和短語。
高考對時態(tài)的考查非常靈活且難度較大,不易把握。大部分時態(tài)題答案的選擇取決于題干語境;但也有部分時態(tài)試題較易把握,其用法相對固定,常見于特定句式結(jié)構(gòu)中;還有部分常見時態(tài)用法特殊。
時態(tài)的考查主要集中在完成時,進行時等主干時態(tài)的掌握上。要求學(xué)生熟練掌握幾種主干時態(tài)的基本概念,解題時充分挖掘時間副詞,短語,時間狀語從句提供的信息。在復(fù)習(xí)時態(tài)時應(yīng)注意如下幾點:⑴吃透語境,摸清作者的意圖。⑵準(zhǔn)確判斷動作和時間的關(guān)系。(即動作是在什么時間發(fā)生的)⑶正確理解時間概念。(大的時間:現(xiàn)在、過去、將來;小的時間:時間段,時間點,時間瞬間)⑷找準(zhǔn)相關(guān)時態(tài)時間之間的交叉點。例如:一般現(xiàn)在時,現(xiàn)在進行時(現(xiàn)在時間的交叉點)。高考對被動語態(tài)的考查熱點主要是及物動詞在被動語態(tài)中的使用。被動語態(tài)與主動語態(tài)一樣,也有多種時態(tài)。被動語態(tài)的完成時態(tài)和進行時態(tài)中,考生往往漏掉been或being。因此被動語態(tài)的各種常用時態(tài)的構(gòu)成,仍是高考命題的熱點之一。
【重點知識整合】
動詞的時態(tài)
、一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的用法區(qū)別
1.一般過去時所表示的一個或一段過去時間是可以具體確定的,與其他時間沒有牽連。它所表示的事情純屬過去與現(xiàn)在情況沒有聯(lián)系?,F(xiàn)在完成時表示的事情發(fā)生在不能具體指出的現(xiàn)在以前的過去某個或某段時間。它所表示的事情與現(xiàn)在情況有關(guān)系,是過去事情在現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的影響。
2.一般過去時常用的狀語有yesterday, last night, two days (months, weeks) ago, at that time 等;現(xiàn)在完成時常用的狀語有already, just (剛剛), yet, never, before 等;表示從過去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一段時間狀語有:today, now, lately, recently, in the last / past few days / years (在過去的這幾天/年里)。since then, up to now, so far (至今)等。
3.比較下面幾組句子,體會兩種時態(tài)的不同:
He served in the army from 1952 to 1954. (這是過去的一件事)
He has served in the army for 5 years. (現(xiàn)在他仍在軍中服役,他是個軍人)
He wrote many plays when he was at college.
他上大學(xué)的時候,寫了許多劇本。(寫劇本是他過去的事)
He has written many plays.
他寫了許多部劇本。(這意味著他是劇作家)
I saw Hero last year.
去年我看了《英雄》這部電影。(看《英雄》的時間是去年,與現(xiàn)在時間無關(guān))
I have seen Hero before.
我以前看過《英雄》這部電影。(強調(diào)現(xiàn)在還知道這部電影的內(nèi)容。以前看過,但“以前”是表示一個與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的過去時間,而不是一個確定的與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)的過去時間。)
、一般過去時和過去完成時的用法區(qū)別
1.一般過去時是對現(xiàn)在說話時刻而言的,過去完成時則是對過去某一時刻而言。兩種時態(tài)建立的時間參照點不同,對過去完成時來說,這一個時間參照點十分重要,它是過去完成概念賴以建立的基礎(chǔ),也是和一般過去時相區(qū)別的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2.過去完成時的時間狀語常用by 和before 引導(dǎo)的短語表示,如by that time, by the end of…, before 2000, by the time +句子等。
、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的用法區(qū)別
1.兩種時態(tài)都常與一段時間和狀語連用,但現(xiàn)在完成時表示的是延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或同現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的動作(句中不可有表示過去特定時間的狀語),而過去完成時表示的是在過去某時之前已經(jīng)完成或延續(xù)到過去某時的勸作(句中有表示過去特定時間的狀語)。
2.比較下面的說法
She had been ill for a week before she came back.
她在回來之前就生病一個星期了。(回來發(fā)生在過去某一時間,發(fā)病發(fā)生在過去的過去)
She has been ill for a week.
她生病一個星期了。(現(xiàn)在仍在生?。?/p>
四、動詞時態(tài)的一些典型用法
1.在if, unless, even if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中,在when, before, until (till), as soon as, the moment, once 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中,在no matter what /who / which / when / where / how 或whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,如果主句是將來時(往往出現(xiàn)will / shall / can / must )或主句是祈使句,從句用一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般將來時。如:
?、?I’ll go with you as soon as I finish my work.
?、?The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she arrives.
③ — Can I join your club, Dad ?
— You can when you get a bit older.
?、?If city noises are not kept from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.
⑤ Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
2.would 與used to
?、?would 與used to 都可用來表示過去經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作,常??梢該Q用。如:
When we were boys we used to / would go swimming every summer.
小時候,每天夏天我們都要去游泳。
He used to . would spend every penny he earned on books.
過去他通常把掙來的錢全花在買書了。
?、?would 之后要接表示動作的動詞,不接表示認(rèn)識或狀態(tài)的動詞,而used to 則無此限制。如:
I used to like football when I was at middle school.
He used to be nervous in the exam.
?、?would 表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作。如果某一動作沒有反復(fù)性,就不能用would, 只能用used to。如:
And from that day on, as soon as the table was cleared and the dishes were gone, Mother would disappear into he sewing room to practice.
從那天起,只要碗盤撤掉、飯桌清理干凈,媽媽就馬上躲進做針線活的房間練習(xí)起來。(具有反復(fù)性)
I used to live in Beijing. 我過去住在北京。(沒有反復(fù)性)
?、?used to 表示過去經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)結(jié)束(含有較強的“今非昔比”的意思),would 則只表示說話者對過去一種回想心情,有可能再發(fā)生。如:
People used to believe that the earth was flat.
過去,人們總以為地球是扁平的。(現(xiàn)在已不再這樣認(rèn)為)
He would go to the park as soon as he was free.
過去他一有空就去公園。(現(xiàn)在有可能再去)
3.be +動詞不定式
① 表示按計劃或安排要做的事。例如:
When are you to leave for two days to New York ?
你什么時候去紐約?
She is to get married next month. 她下個月結(jié)婚。
這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用于過去。was / were to do sth. 表示曾經(jīng)計劃要做某事,但不表明計劃是否被執(zhí)行,或表示“命運(即使中注定要發(fā)生的事)”,而非計劃;was / were to have done sth. 表示未曾實現(xiàn)的計劃。例如:
I felt excited because I was soon to leave home for the first time.
我感到很激動,因為我很快就要首次離開家了。
We were to have told you, but you were not in.
我們本來想告訴你的,但是你不在家。
?、?表示“指令”,相當(dāng)于should, ought to, must, have to。例如:
You are to report to the police. 你應(yīng)該報警。
What is to be done ? 應(yīng)該怎么辦呢?
This medicine is to be taken three times a day. 這種藥一天要服三次。
The books in this room are not to be taken outside. (The books in this room mustn’t be taken outside.) 這個室內(nèi)的書籍不得帶出室外。
?、?表示“想,打算”,相當(dāng)于intend, want。例如:
If we are to be there before ten, we’ll have to go now.
如果我們想在十點前到,我們現(xiàn)在就得走。
④ 用于第一人稱疑問句,表示征求對方意見。例如:
Am I to go on with the work ? 要我繼續(xù)這項工作嗎?
What are we to do next ? 我們下一步該怎么辦?
?、?在與be 連用的結(jié)構(gòu)中,see, find, congratulate 的不定式被動式有特殊的用法。例如:
The news is to be found in the evening paper. 這條消息可以在晚報上見到。
He is nowhere to be seen. 在哪里也見不到他。
You are to be congratulated. 應(yīng)當(dāng)向您表示祝賀。中學(xué)
4.瞬間動詞又叫非延續(xù)性動詞,還叫終止性動詞。瞬間動詞可以有現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),但不可以接一段時間,若要接一段時間,須要做一些相應(yīng)的變換。瞬間動詞在完成時態(tài)中的否定式可以接一段時間。
× He has come to Beijing since last year.
√ He has lived in Beijing since last year.
× He has joined the army for 3 years.
√ He has served in the army for 3 years.
√ He joined the army 3 years ago.
√ He has been a soldier for 3 years.
√ It is 3 years since he joined the army.
√ He has joined the army. 他已參軍了。
常見的瞬間動詞有:come, go, get to / reach / arrive at, leave, buy, sell, open, close, get up, join /take part in, begin /start, return / give, borrow / lend, become / turn, bring /take, give, die, finish /end, receive /hear from, marry, break, lose, jump 等。
5.語境中的過去時,往往表示“剛才,剛剛”之意,暗示現(xiàn)在已“不再這樣”。如:
① — Come on in, Peter. I want to show you something.
— Oh, how nice of you ! I never thought you were going to bring me a gift.
② Your phone number again ? I didn’t quite catch it.
?、?— Nancy is not coming tonight.
— But she promised !
6.表示愿望、打算一類的詞,如:hope, expect, mean, intend, want, think, suppose, want 等,其過去完成時表示過去未增實現(xiàn)的愿望或意圖。如:
I had hoped to see more of ShangHai.
我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)
I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment.
我本想去幫你的,但當(dāng)時確實太忙了。
I had thought you would come tomorrow.
我愿以來你明天才來呢。
7.某些固定句式中的動詞時態(tài)是固定的、約定俗成的。
?、?This / It is the first / second…time + that 從句。that 從句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時,如果把前邊的is 改為was,則that 從句用過去完成時。如:
This is the first time I have come here.
It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.
?、?It is / has been + 一段時間 + since 從句。since 從句中用過去完成時。如:
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
?、?be about to do…when…意為“即將……(這時)突然……”。如:
I was about to go out when the telephone rang.
?、?be (was /were) + doing… when… 意為“正在干……(這時)突然……”。如
They were reading when Tom shouted in pain.
?、?Hardly had…done…when… ; No sooner had…done…than…
when 和than 從句里用一般過去時,表示“剛剛……就……”。如:
Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.
我剛到家大雨就傾盆而下。中學(xué)
?、?It + be + 一段時間 + before 從句
這個句式分兩種情況:如果主句用將來時,則從句用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來時,意為多長時間以后即將發(fā)生某事;如果主句用過去時,從句也用過去時,意為多長時間后發(fā)生了某事。如:
It won’t be long before he succeeds. ( = He will succeed soom.)
It was ten years before they met again. ( = They met again ten years later. )
8.高考對于進行體的??键c
?、?一個長動作作為背景,被一個短動作打斷,長動作往往用進行體,短動作用一般體。如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office.
Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.
As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.
The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it.
?、?表示動作的未完性、暫時性。如:
— Have you moved into the new house ?
— Not yet. The rooms are being painted.
I don’t really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.
Shirley was writing a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.
Selecting a mobile phone for a personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly.
?、?表示計劃、安排要做的事。如:
I’ve won a holiday for two days to Florida. I am taking my mum.
— What were you doing when Tony phoned you ?
— I had just finished my work and was starting to take a shower.
?、?表示現(xiàn)在或當(dāng)時發(fā)展中的或正在進行的情況。如:
I don’t think Jim saw me; he was just starting into space.
I first met Lisa 3 years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time.
— Is this raincoat yours ?
— No, mine is hanging there behind the door.
— Hey, look where you are going !
— Oh, I’m terribly sorry, I wasn’t noticing.
主動和被動
一、注意短語動詞和含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)
That old man was often laughed at.
那位老人常受人嘲笑。
The doctor has been sent for.
已經(jīng)派人請大夫去了。
Time must be made good use of.
時間一定要充分利用。
The plan will be given up.
那計劃就要被放棄了。
Bad habits have been done away with.
壞習(xí)慣已經(jīng)改掉了。
?。ㄔ诒粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中,切不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞,關(guān)于這類及物性質(zhì)的短語動詞請看專題五)
He must be prevented from going.
必須阻止他去。
The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.
計劃必須盡早執(zhí)行。
?。ㄖ^語結(jié)構(gòu)是:情態(tài)動詞+be +過去分詞)
二、get + 過去分詞可以表示被動,此結(jié)構(gòu)比較口語化,如: