非謂語動(dòng)詞的一般式及完成式
非謂語動(dòng)詞的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生，非謂語動(dòng)詞的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表
示的動(dòng)作之前。
1.動(dòng)詞不定式
例1：A lot of young people are learning to drive cars.
例2：All of us expected to discover a new oil field.
例3：He is said to have studied English for three years.
注：動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式有時(shí)用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等過去式的動(dòng)詞后面，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。例如：
1)I meant to have sent the book to you by mail. （我本想把這本書郵寄給你的。）
2)He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill.
2.動(dòng)名詞
例1：I am thinking of getting a new dictionary.
例2：We enjoy watching colour TV.
例3：He forgot having promised to write things for us. （非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前。）
3.分詞
例1：Singing a song, he came into the room. （非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生）
例2：Having written his composition, he went to have a heart to heart talk with Wang.
非謂語動(dòng)詞的比較
1.動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式在用法上的比較
一般說來動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作在意義上是比較抽象的、一般的，時(shí)間概念不強(qiáng)，不是指某一次的動(dòng)作；而動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的
動(dòng)作則往往是具體的一次行為。例如：
1）I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim today.
2) They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.
3) Would you prefer to stay at home this evening?
動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語，常常是句子的主語或句中的某個(gè)詞；而動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語可能是句子主語或句中某個(gè)詞，也可能是泛
指一般人物，在句子里是找不著的。例如：
1）I hate to be sitting idle. （指自己）
2）I hate saying nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards. （可能指自己，也可能泛指一般人）
有些詞后既可接動(dòng)名詞亦可接動(dòng)詞不定式，但意義不同，如stop, remember, forget, neglect, omit, dislike, detests, begin, continue, start, regret, intend, attempt, propose等。例如：
When the teacher came in, the students stopped talking.
When the teacher came in, the students stopped to talk.
Remember, forget doing something （指已做過的事）
Remember, forget to do something
2.動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞在用法上的區(qū)別
作定語的區(qū)別。分詞往往表示它所修飾的詞所做的動(dòng)作，即邏輯主語是它所修飾的詞；動(dòng)名詞往往表示與它所修飾的詞有關(guān)的
動(dòng)作，即所修飾的詞不能充當(dāng)邏輯主語。例如：
the raging storm （分詞）
scorching heat （分詞）
sleeping car
working method
作表語的區(qū)別。分詞作表語時(shí)保持它的形容詞特征，動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)保持它的名詞特征。動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)?？膳c主語互換位置，分詞則不行。例如：
The novel is interesting.
My job is teaching English.
作狀語的區(qū)別。分詞具有副詞特征，可以直接用作狀語；動(dòng)名詞不具有副詞特征，不能單獨(dú)作狀語，只有與介詞結(jié)合時(shí)才能作
狀語。例如：
1) Hearing the news, they immediately set off for the station.
2) Given another chance, I’ll do it much better.
3) After finishing his homework, he went to the reading-room.
4) On coming in she laid a file of documents upon the table.
3.動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語和現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)語的區(qū)別
動(dòng)詞不定式只說明賓語的一個(gè)動(dòng)作，而分詞則說明賓語的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如：
1)Just then he heard someone sing in the next room.
2)Just then he heard someone singing in the next room.
非謂語動(dòng)詞的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生，非謂語動(dòng)詞的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表
示的動(dòng)作之前。
1.動(dòng)詞不定式
例1：A lot of young people are learning to drive cars.
例2：All of us expected to discover a new oil field.
例3：He is said to have studied English for three years.
注：動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式有時(shí)用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等過去式的動(dòng)詞后面，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。例如：
1)I meant to have sent the book to you by mail. （我本想把這本書郵寄給你的。）
2)He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill.
2.動(dòng)名詞
例1：I am thinking of getting a new dictionary.
例2：We enjoy watching colour TV.
例3：He forgot having promised to write things for us. （非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前。）
3.分詞
例1：Singing a song, he came into the room. （非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生）
例2：Having written his composition, he went to have a heart to heart talk with Wang.
非謂語動(dòng)詞的比較
1.動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式在用法上的比較
一般說來動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作在意義上是比較抽象的、一般的，時(shí)間概念不強(qiáng)，不是指某一次的動(dòng)作；而動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的
動(dòng)作則往往是具體的一次行為。例如：
1）I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim today.
2) They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.
3) Would you prefer to stay at home this evening?
動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語，常常是句子的主語或句中的某個(gè)詞；而動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語可能是句子主語或句中某個(gè)詞，也可能是泛
指一般人物，在句子里是找不著的。例如：
1）I hate to be sitting idle. （指自己）
2）I hate saying nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards. （可能指自己，也可能泛指一般人）
有些詞后既可接動(dòng)名詞亦可接動(dòng)詞不定式，但意義不同，如stop, remember, forget, neglect, omit, dislike, detests, begin, continue, start, regret, intend, attempt, propose等。例如：
When the teacher came in, the students stopped talking.
When the teacher came in, the students stopped to talk.
Remember, forget doing something （指已做過的事）
Remember, forget to do something
2.動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞在用法上的區(qū)別
作定語的區(qū)別。分詞往往表示它所修飾的詞所做的動(dòng)作，即邏輯主語是它所修飾的詞；動(dòng)名詞往往表示與它所修飾的詞有關(guān)的
動(dòng)作，即所修飾的詞不能充當(dāng)邏輯主語。例如：
the raging storm （分詞）
scorching heat （分詞）
sleeping car
working method
作表語的區(qū)別。分詞作表語時(shí)保持它的形容詞特征，動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)保持它的名詞特征。動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)常可與主語互換位置，分詞則不行。例如：
The novel is interesting.
My job is teaching English.
作狀語的區(qū)別。分詞具有副詞特征，可以直接用作狀語；動(dòng)名詞不具有副詞特征，不能單獨(dú)作狀語，只有與介詞結(jié)合時(shí)才能作
狀語。例如：
1) Hearing the news, they immediately set off for the station.
2) Given another chance, I’ll do it much better.
3) After finishing his homework, he went to the reading-room.
4) On coming in she laid a file of documents upon the table.
3.動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語和現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)語的區(qū)別
動(dòng)詞不定式只說明賓語的一個(gè)動(dòng)作，而分詞則說明賓語的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如：
1)Just then he heard someone sing in the next room.
2)Just then he heard someone singing in the next room.
