2024高考英語備考復(fù)習(xí)課件：動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
6．“be＋介詞＋表示動(dòng)作的名詞”也可表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。例如： The new type of bike is on sale. A new railway is under construction. 7．以-able 或 -ible 結(jié)尾的形容詞，大多含有被動(dòng)意義。例如： Some stars are invisible. 有些星星肉眼是看不到的。 What you said was understandable. 你的話是可以理解的。
[名校模擬演練] 1．(2010·山東濰坊質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè))—Did you notice my little son
Tom just now? —No, Mrs Black. I ______ computer games. A．play
B．a(chǎn)m playing C．would play
D．was playing 解析：考查時(shí)態(tài)。從問話中的“just now”可知，事情發(fā)生在過去，根據(jù)“我一直在玩電腦游戲，沒看到小Tom”可知用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 答案：D 2．(2010·安徽皖南八校二聯(lián))I ______ you not to give up that job—now, where can you find a better one? A．told
B．were telling C．had told
D．tell 解析：此題考查時(shí)態(tài)?！拔腋嬖V過你不要放棄那份工作，現(xiàn)在你到哪里去找一份更好的呢？”“告訴”為過去的動(dòng)作，故用一般過去時(shí)。 答案：A 3．(2010·長(zhǎng)春調(diào)研)－Saw Lucy and her hoyfriend in the park at nine yesterday evening. －Impossible. She ______ the Internet with me in my home then. A．surfed
B．had surfed C．would surf
D．was surfing 解析：考查時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)對(duì)話內(nèi)容可知，昨天晚上九點(diǎn)時(shí)Lucy正在和我一起上網(wǎng)，因此用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 答案：D 4．(2010·福建六校三聯(lián))The headmaster recommended that we ______ to school on time for the afternoon English reading. A．had come
B．would come C．come
D．came 解析：考查虛擬語氣的用法。在此，recommend表“建議，勸告”，其后的賓語從句的謂語用“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”，且should可以省略。 答案：C 5．(2010·北京東城期末)Right now the government is trying to control the number of people who ______ by H1N1 flu. A．have been affected
B．have affected C．a(chǎn)re affected
D．a(chǎn)ffect 解析：考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)。語意：政府正在試圖控制感染H1N1流感的人的數(shù)量。人們被感染流感，用sb be affected by sth結(jié)構(gòu)，這里說的是現(xiàn)在的一般情況，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，答案應(yīng)該選C項(xiàng)。 答案：C 6．(2010·北京海淀期末)I ______ on my report next week, so I won't be able to meet you. A．a(chǎn)m working
B．will be working C．was working
D．have been working 解析：考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。從后面的next week可知，應(yīng)用將來時(shí)，語意表示“下周，我將正忙于寫報(bào)告……”，所以用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)，據(jù)此答案應(yīng)該選B項(xiàng)。 答案：B 7．(2010·陜西西安質(zhì)檢)We haven't moved into the new office building—it ______ right now. A．is decorating
B．has been decorated C．is being decorated
D．has been decorating 解析：考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)題干中前面一句話的時(shí)態(tài)及后一句話中的時(shí)間狀語right now可知，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)；又依據(jù)語意可知，房子正在被裝飾，因此選C。 答案：C 8．(2010·上海春招)We ______ on our project day and night in the past two weeks. A．had worked
B．have worked C．will be working
D．a(chǎn)re working 解析：考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)句中時(shí)間狀語in the past two weeks可以推斷出應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作的持續(xù)，故選B項(xiàng)。 答案：B 9．(2010·成都玉林中學(xué))He will have learned English for eight years by the time he ______ from the university next year. A．will graduate
B．will have graduated C．graduates
D．is to graduate 解析：考查時(shí)態(tài)。by the time引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句，而本句的主句是將來時(shí)，所以從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。 答案：C 10．(2010·西南師大附中)－Would you like to go to the cinema with me tomorrow afternoon? －I'd like to, Mum, but I ______ to a party by Jane. It is her birthday. A．a(chǎn)m invited
B．was invited C．will be invited
D．have been invited 解析：考查時(shí)態(tài)。這里用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，即Jane已經(jīng)邀請(qǐng)我參加她的party，故不能陪母親去看電影了。 答案：D
(4)靜止性的表示思想、信念的動(dòng)詞：think (認(rèn)為)，consider (認(rèn)為)，believe，trust，guess，wonder，forget，know，understand，realize，suppose，agree 等。這類動(dòng)詞不是指積極的思維活動(dòng)過程，而是指思維活動(dòng)的結(jié)果。 但consider (考慮)，think (思考、想)，suppose (推想)等動(dòng)詞在表示積極的思維活動(dòng)過程時(shí)，可以用進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如： What are you thinking about?
(5)表示喜愛、憎惡的情感動(dòng)詞：like，love，prefer，worship，hate，dislike 等。
(6)表示要求、愿望的動(dòng)詞：desire，hope，want，wish，wonder 等(expect 例外)。 五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1．基本用法 (1)表示過去的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果。這時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞可由非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。如果跟有時(shí)間狀語，則時(shí)間狀語通常為不確定的過去時(shí)間。例如： —Have you seen my glasses? —Yes，I saw them on your bed a minute ago. She has married a very rich film star recently. 特別提醒：不能受漢語影響，將現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去時(shí)間連用。如不能說：I have got in touch with him yesterday. (2)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某一時(shí)起一直延續(xù)至今(可能已停止，也可能還將延續(xù)下去)，這時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞須用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。時(shí)間狀語須用段時(shí)間。例如： He has worked here since a year ago. He has been in the League for five years. (3)表示到目前為止的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的重復(fù)行為(與現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)無關(guān))，即表示一種經(jīng)歷。這時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞也可用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，但須與時(shí)間狀語連用。例如： We have learned five English songs this term. A lot of factories have been built up since (the) liberation. He has often gone to Nanjing these years.(現(xiàn)在不一定在南京)
2．與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語 (1)不確定的過去時(shí)間：already，yet，before，recently，just 等。 (2)頻度副詞：always，ever，never，often，once，twice 等。 (3)包括說話時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間：for，since，in the last (past，recent)few years，today，this morning (week，month，year)，up to now 等。 (4)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不可與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，也不可與能表示出過去時(shí)間的地點(diǎn)狀語連用。如不可說：He has seen the film yesterday.也不可說：He has seen the film in Nanjing. (5)瞬間動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如不可說：He has joined the army for three years.而應(yīng)該說：He has been in the army for three years./He has been an army man for three years./Three years have passed since he joined the army./It is three years since he joined the army./He joined the army three years ago.
(6)瞬間動(dòng)詞的否定式可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，因?yàn)閯?dòng)作的否定式可以表示狀態(tài)，而狀態(tài)是可以延續(xù)的。例如： I haven't written to you for a long time.(不可說：I have written to you for a long time.) 3．have been(to) 和 have gone(to) 的區(qū)別 have been(to) 側(cè)重指經(jīng)歷，表示“曾經(jīng)去過”某地，說話時(shí)此人很可能不在那里，已經(jīng)回來。 have gone(to)表示某人“已經(jīng)去了”某地，說話時(shí)此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在這里。 4．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與其他時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別 (1)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是一兼有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)二者基本特點(diǎn)的時(shí)態(tài)。由于它有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特點(diǎn)，所以它可以表示某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。由于它有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特點(diǎn)，所以它也可以表示某一動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性、臨時(shí)性、重復(fù)性、生動(dòng)性乃至感情色彩。 現(xiàn)在就現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的這些特點(diǎn)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)作一簡(jiǎn)單的比較： ①現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)皆可表示動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，但前者所表示的結(jié)果是直接的，而后者所表示的則是最后的結(jié)果。試比較： We have been cleaning the classroom.(a) We have cleaned the classroom.(b)
(a)句可譯為“我們打掃教室來著?！逼渲苯咏Y(jié)果可能是：我們身上都是灰。(b)句可以譯為“我們把教室打掃過了?！逼渥詈蠼Y(jié)果是：現(xiàn)在教室很清潔，可以用了。另外，(a)句還可表示教室剛剛打掃過，(b)句則可能表示教室是昨天打掃的。 Be careful！John has been painting the door.(a) John has painted the door.(b) (a)句表示約翰剛剛把門油漆過，現(xiàn)在油漆還未干，所以你要小心。(b)句則無此含義，油漆可能已干了。 ②現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)有延續(xù)性，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往沒有。試比較： They have been widening the road.(a) They have widened the road.(b) (a) 句的意思是他們?cè)诩訉採(cǎi)R路，但尚未完工。(b) 句的意思多半是已完工了。 ③現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)往往表示動(dòng)作在重復(fù)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常常不帶重復(fù)性。試比較： Have you been meeting her lately？(a) Have you met her lately？(b)
(a)句有“經(jīng)常相會(huì)”之意，(b) 句則沒有。當(dāng)然，(b) 句如與 often，every day 等時(shí)間狀語連用，也可表示動(dòng)作在重復(fù)。 ④現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)比較生動(dòng)，有時(shí)含有明顯的感情色彩，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往只說明一個(gè)事實(shí)，一種影響或結(jié)果，平鋪直敘，沒有什么感情色彩可言。試比較： What have you been doing？(a) What have you done？(b) (a) 句表示驚異，(b) 句只是一個(gè)問題。 Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly.(a) Recently Mary has done her work regularly.(b) (a)句顯然是在表揚(yáng)瑪麗，(b)句只說明一個(gè)事實(shí)。 I have been wanting to meet you for long.(a) I have long wanted to meet you.(b) (a)句比(b)句更親切，更有禮貌。
?、萦糜诂F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的，也可以是非延續(xù)性的，可以是行為動(dòng)詞，也可以是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞；而用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞只能是延續(xù)性的行為動(dòng)詞。
(2)與一般過去時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 表示過去完成的某一動(dòng)作根據(jù)具體情況可以適用多種時(shí)態(tài)。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作本身，即動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、原因等時(shí)用一般過去時(shí)。例如： He saw the film in town. 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： He has seen the film before，and I am sure he knows about it. 但當(dāng)過去某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)間或另一動(dòng)作之前時(shí)，則用過去完成時(shí)。例如： Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home. How long had they known each other before they got married? 六、過去完成時(shí) 1．表示過去某時(shí)間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，這個(gè)過去的時(shí)間可以用 by，before 等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句來表示；或者表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過去動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如： We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. By the end of last year they had turned out 5,000 bicycles. 2．動(dòng)詞 expect，hope，mean，intend，plan，suppose，wish，want，desire 等用過去完成時(shí)，表示過去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year，but l wasn't able to get away. 另外兩種表示“過去想做而未做的事”的表達(dá)方式是： (1)was/were＋to have done sth，例如： We were to have come yesterday，but we couldn't. (2)intended(expected，hoped，meant，planned，supposed，wished，wanted，desired)＋to have done sth.例如： I meant to have told you about it，but I forgot to do so. 3．過去完成時(shí)常用于以下固定句型： (1)hardly，scarcely, barely＋過去完成時(shí)＋when＋過去時(shí)。例如： Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. (2)no sooner＋過去完成時(shí)＋than＋過去時(shí)。例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. (3)by(the end of)＋過去時(shí)間，主句中謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。例如： The experiment had been finished by 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon. 七、將來完成時(shí) 將來完成時(shí)表示在將來某一時(shí)刻將完成或在另一個(gè)未來的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作；也可以用來表示一種猜測(cè)。常與將來完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有：by(the time/the end of)＋表示將來時(shí)間的短語或句子；before(the end of)＋表示將來時(shí)間的短語或句子；when，after 等＋表示將來動(dòng)作的句子等。例如： By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai. I shall have finished this composition before 9 o'clock. When we get on the railway station，the train will probably have left. 八、各種時(shí)態(tài)下的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)is/am/are done 一般過去時(shí)was/were done 一般將來時(shí)
will be done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)is/am/are being done 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has been done 過去完成時(shí)had been done 過去將來時(shí)would be done 九、特殊形式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) 1．狀態(tài)被動(dòng) 狀態(tài)被動(dòng)與動(dòng)作被動(dòng)相對(duì)，狀態(tài)被動(dòng)中的過去分詞不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，而表示狀態(tài)，實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，因此整個(gè)句子應(yīng)視作一個(gè)系表結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞多由有“完成意義的動(dòng)詞”變化而來，這類動(dòng)詞常見的有：close，change，build，cut，marry，engage，destroy，break 等。例如： It's eight o'clock now and all the shops in this street are closed. They were married and happy when I saw him. 特別提醒：①狀態(tài)被動(dòng)不能和時(shí)間狀語或頻度狀語連用，否則就成了動(dòng)作被動(dòng)。 ②狀態(tài)被動(dòng)中的be動(dòng)詞可以換成look，become，remain，stay 等連系動(dòng)詞。 例如： The village remains unchanged. 2．get 被動(dòng) 在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，get 可以用來代替助動(dòng)詞 be 表示動(dòng)作被動(dòng)(不表示狀態(tài)被動(dòng))。與動(dòng)作被動(dòng)稍有不同的是，get 被動(dòng)既強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作本身，又強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作結(jié)果。例如： Let's ask the policeman for help，or we may get lost. Did you get beaten by your father? 特別提醒：不是所有的被動(dòng)句都可以由get來構(gòu)成的。這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常用于以下兩種情況： ①表示一些突然、偶然或預(yù)想不到的事情時(shí)。例如： On my way home I got hurt by a football. ②表示自身所做的一些動(dòng)作。如：get dressed，get washed，get married，get engaged，get lost，get confused等。 3．間接被動(dòng) “have(get)＋賓語＋過去分詞”的形式可表示間接被動(dòng)意義。這種用法通常見于下列三種情況： (1)表示有計(jì)劃地請(qǐng)(讓)別人做某事，過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由他人執(zhí)行。 例如： Your hair is too long.You should have it cut as soon as you can. (2)表示一種經(jīng)歷，這種經(jīng)歷一般是消極的。句型中過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由他人執(zhí)行。例如： She had her bag stolen yesterday. 她的包昨天被人偷走了。 He had his head injured in the accident. 他的頭在事故中受傷了。 (3)表示使役，強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)事情被完成了，過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作通常由主語本身執(zhí)行。例如： We have our exercises done.(＝Our exercises are done by ourselves and are finished now.) 十、主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的情況 1．read, write, sell, wash, open, lock, cut 等動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞在不表示動(dòng)作，而表示主語的潛能、性狀、特征等非動(dòng)作意義時(shí)，其主動(dòng)形式可表示被動(dòng)意義，但其肯定式一般需后接副詞、形容詞或類似短語等對(duì)該動(dòng)詞作進(jìn)一步的說明，其否定式一般用 won't, wouldn't, can't 等。例如： The article reads all right. I don't think it needs improving. The book sells well. The bus wouldn't move a bit. 2．easy, hard, difficult, important, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, cheap, expensive, impossible, dangerous 等形容詞作表語后接不定式時(shí)，不定式可用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。例如： English is not easy to learn. 3．不定式做定語時(shí)，若與句子的主語或賓語同時(shí)具有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，可用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。例如： I have a lot of things to do. Give me something to eat. 特別提醒：①若與句子的主語或賓語沒有主謂關(guān)系，則還是用被動(dòng)式為好。例如： I have nothing to be taken there, thank you. ②不定式做表語形容詞的狀語，和句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式多用主動(dòng)形式，這是因?yàn)槿藗兺J(rèn)為形容詞后省略了 for people, for one, for you, for us 這樣的邏輯主語。例如： He is a person hard(for one) to get along with. ③在 there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中，說話人如果側(cè)重強(qiáng)調(diào)必須有人去完成某件事時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式；如果強(qiáng)調(diào)事情本身必須完成，則用被動(dòng)式。試比較： There is much homework to do.(Someone has to do the homework.) There is much homework to be done. (The homework has to be done.) 4．在 need, require, want (需要)，be worth 等詞后做賓語的動(dòng)名詞，可用其主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。例如： The song is well worth listening to. 5．連系動(dòng)詞不及物，其主動(dòng)形式可以表示被動(dòng)含義。例如： His theory certainly sounded reasonable. Her answer to the question proved (to be) correct. 專題六 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 1．基本用法 (1)表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的行為，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如： He usually gets up early. He cycles to work every day. (2)表示一種事實(shí)或不著眼于時(shí)間的一般性陳述。例如： Fujian lies in the east of China. —Can I help you，sir? —Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it doesn't work. Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái) ?(3)表示真理。例如： Water boils at 100 centigrade degrees. 特別提醒：該用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如： Columbus proved that the earth is round. (4)用于某些不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞來表示現(xiàn)在的行為和狀態(tài)。例如： We love the Party. Tom writes good English but does not speak well. 2．其他用法 (1)用于文章標(biāo)題、故事簡(jiǎn)介、舞臺(tái)指導(dǎo)和實(shí)況解說等。例： Now I put the sugar in the cup.(動(dòng)作解說) (2)與 advise，apologize，thank，predict，declare 等實(shí)施言語行為的動(dòng)詞連用，表示瞬間現(xiàn)在。例如： I advise you to agree to his plan. I apologize. (3)在強(qiáng)調(diào)句式中，從句用將來時(shí)的情況下，主句仍用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如： It is the headmaster who will give us a lecture. 3．錯(cuò)位用法 (1)表示模糊過去。例如： I hear they failed to get in touch with her at last. (2)在下面的倒裝句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示現(xiàn)時(shí)刻的瞬間動(dòng)作。例如： Here comes the bus! There goes the bell! 二、一般過去時(shí) 1．基本用法 (1)表示過去發(fā)生的一次性行為或狀態(tài)。例如： —When did you finish writing this report? —The other day. He was born on May 3,1962. (2)表示過去發(fā)生的經(jīng)常、反復(fù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如： He was always the first to come. 特別提醒：過去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作，我們還可以用 would 或 used to 來表達(dá)(不能與次數(shù)連用)。would 只表示過去的動(dòng)作，不能表示狀態(tài)；這種習(xí)慣動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在可能還會(huì)存在。used to 既可以表示過去的動(dòng)作，也可以表示過去的狀態(tài)；這種習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在已不復(fù)存在。 2．其他用法 (1)說話者在敘述一些已知事實(shí)的原委、起因時(shí)。例如： I have seen him already—he came to borrow a tape recorder.(交代原委) I haven't seen you for a long time.What happened to you? (追問已知事實(shí)的原委) I bought the motor bike in Yangzhou.(說明現(xiàn)有摩托車的來源) (2)句中有表示過去時(shí)間的副詞或暗含過去時(shí)間的地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)。例如： Yangzhou was once the second biggest city in China. I saw the film in Nanjing.
3．錯(cuò)位用法 (1)用一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，以使語氣更加婉轉(zhuǎn)。 ①情態(tài)動(dòng)詞通常是 could，would 等。例如： Could you tell me the way to the bus station? ②行為動(dòng)詞一般為 want，hope，wonder，think，intend 等。例如： I wondered if you could help me. Did you want anything else? (2)用一般過去時(shí)替代過去完成時(shí)。例如： As soon as he arrived(＝had arrived)，he telephoned me.(因?yàn)檫B詞本身已經(jīng)表示了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系) Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492。(敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過去時(shí)。) 三、一般將來時(shí) 1．基本用法 (1)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。例如： The agreement will come into force (生效) next spring. 特別提醒：過去將來時(shí)是從過去的角度看將來，主要由“would/should/was(were to)/＋動(dòng)詞原形”等結(jié)構(gòu)來表示。這些結(jié)構(gòu)主要用在主句謂語動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)的賓語從句以及有上下文暗示的情況。 (2)表示一種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。例如： Crops will die without water. 2．“一般將來”的表達(dá) (1)用助動(dòng)詞 shall 和 will。shall用于第一人稱，表示“單純的將來”，will用于所有人稱，表示“單純的將來”或“帶意愿色彩的將來”。例如： —Sorry，I forgot to post the letter for you. —Never mind.I will post it myself after school.(句中 will 表示單純未來，不可用 be going to 來替換。) I will help you rebuild the house if I have time.(句中 will 帶有意愿色彩。) 特別提醒：shall 與 will 除了用做助動(dòng)詞外，還可用做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。(詳見“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”部分) (2)用 be going to 表示打算、計(jì)劃、安排做某事，強(qiáng)調(diào)人的主觀意志，而will多表示一種客觀未來，有時(shí)可以表示帶意愿色彩的將來或表示一種主觀推測(cè)。試比較： I'm going to watch TV this evening.(主觀行為) I will be twenty next year.(客觀事實(shí)，不以人的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移，即不可說：I'm going to be twenty next year.) Tomorrow's weather will be rainy and windy.(主觀推測(cè)) 用 be going to 還可表示不遠(yuǎn)的將來。例如： It's going to rain. (3)用 be to 表示按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生或表示應(yīng)該怎樣。例如： We are to leave at six. All these things are to be answered for.
特別提醒：be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，句子主語通常不是安排的做出者，而 be going to 則表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。試比較： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客觀安排) I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.(主觀打算) (4)用 be about to 表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，該句型一般不與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如： He is about to go.或：He is about to go now.(不可說：He is about to go this afternoon.) 3．錯(cuò)位用法 (1)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按時(shí)間表規(guī)定將要發(fā)生的事(須與時(shí)間狀語連用)，這些事是周而復(fù)始發(fā)生的，所以，可以將其視為一種事實(shí)，而用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如： —When does the train start? —It starts at 6：35 tomorrow morning according to the time-table.Tomorrow is Sunday. Next Teachers' Day falls on a Saturday.
(2)用 go，come，leave，arrive，begin，start，return 等表示動(dòng)作“起止”的動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)形式表示即將，而且這些動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上已確定好或安排好。例如： I think he is arriving. (3)用某些瞬間動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)形式表示即將。例如： The goat is dying. (4)在時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代一般將來(或用一般過去時(shí)替代過去將來，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)替代將來完成，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)替代將來進(jìn)行)。例如： Post the letter for me when you go to the post office.
(5)在動(dòng)詞 hope，take care that，make sure that等后。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. (6)用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示將來。例如： May I come too? 四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1．基本用法 (1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示此時(shí)此刻或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例： I don't really work here；I am just helping out until the secretary arrives. Mr Green is writing another novel.(說話時(shí)可能并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。) (2)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如： I don't think Jim saw me；he was just staring into space. —Why did you forget the time? —Oh, sorry.I was watering the flowers.
2．其他用法 (1)表示動(dòng)作起止、狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變的動(dòng)詞，如：go，come，arrive，set out，start off，take off (起飛)，它們的進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示將來。例如： The plane is taking off at six. (2)瞬間動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示： 即將：The wounded soldier is dying. 反復(fù)：Someone is knocking at the door. 逐漸：The house is falling down.(表示動(dòng)作的徐徐發(fā)生) 比較：The house falls down.(表示突然的瞬間動(dòng)作)
(3)與 always，constantly，frequently，continually，forever，all the time 等連用，表示贊嘆、贊揚(yáng)、厭惡、不滿等情感。例如： He is always thinking of others. You are always asking such silly questions. 3．進(jìn)行時(shí)的特點(diǎn) 進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行過程，因此，它常常暗示動(dòng)作的未完成性。例如： He was writing a letter yesterday evening.(不一定寫完) 比較：He wrote a letter yesterday evening.(已寫完) 特別提醒：由于進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的過程，故常與持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，而不和 accept，receive，complete，finish，give，allow，decide，refuse等瞬間動(dòng)詞連用。 4．不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞 (1)表示事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：be，seem，appear (似乎)，cost，owe，exist，include，matter，weigh，measure，continue 等。 特別提醒：be 一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，如我們不能說：He is being all.或：The wall is being white.但我們可以說：He is being kind.因?yàn)?kind 是一種人們的意志可以控制的外部行為的特征，這類形容詞叫“動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞”，而 tall，white 這類形容詞叫“靜態(tài)形容詞”。再請(qǐng)看下面的例子： He is a fool.(他本質(zhì)上是個(gè)傻子) He is being a fool.(此刻他顯得很傻) 常見的動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞有：friendly，good，careful，happy 等。 (2)有關(guān)所屬關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞：belong to，consist of(包括)，contain(包含)，have，hold，possess，own等。 但在類似 have a lesson，hold a meeting 這樣的短語中，have 和 hold 已不表所屬關(guān)系，而表示從事一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，因此，可以用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。
(3)靜止性的知覺動(dòng)詞：feel (摸起來，感覺到)，smell (聞起來)，taste (嘗起來)，see (看到)，hear (聽到)，這類動(dòng)詞表示的是一種感覺，是非主動(dòng)的，亦即無意識(shí)的動(dòng)作。使用這類動(dòng)詞時(shí)，通常注意的不是動(dòng)作的過程，而是感受的結(jié)果。例如： You see here an old woman. The dish tastes nice. 當(dāng)上述動(dòng)詞表示主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，從而強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的過程時(shí)，可以用進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如： They're seeing a film. I'm tasting the dish to see if it has enough salt. 上述動(dòng)詞中的 feel 在不表示“觸摸”而表示身體的“感覺”時(shí)，既可用一般式，也可用進(jìn)行式，區(qū)別不大。例如： He feels tired. I'm feeling much better today.
