2024屆高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)方案精品課件：第21講 Unit 21《Human Biology》（北師大版必修7）
6．By saying “We need them yesterday” (paragraph 7)，Stover means that snakelike robots . 二、詞義猜測主要的解題策略有：語境猜詞、語法猜詞和常識猜詞。 語境即上下文。由于上下文中的生詞不是孤立存在的，其詞義與句中其他詞的詞義或具體的語境有著密切的聯(lián)系。因此在閱讀過程中，許多生詞的詞義可以充分利用上下文中相關(guān)的詞匯和短語并結(jié)合具體的語境來推測。命題者為了考查學(xué)生的這種猜詞能力，常采用以下幾種命題策略： 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 策略1：依據(jù)標(biāo)點符號猜測詞義 標(biāo)點符號是詞義猜測的最直接，最簡單的解答方法。比如，破折號、冒號常常起解釋說明的功能，引號和括號有時也起到相同的作用。 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 例1 Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was endlessly going, so that he was forced to escape to the outside of the house—the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband. The underlined words “henpecked husband” in the last paragraph probably means a man who . A．likes hunting
B．is afraid of hens C．loves his wife
D．is afraid of his wife 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 【點睛】 D 破折號起進(jìn)一步解釋說明的作用。由句前信息 “他為逃避妻子的嘮叨而逃到屋外”可知“他是一個怕老婆的人”，因此選擇D項。 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 策略2：依據(jù)反義詞和對比關(guān)系猜測詞義 運用對比手法描述事物或現(xiàn)象是文章寫作的一種常用的修辭手法。在這種修辭手段下，作者常借用一些信號詞來提供相反信息，從而表明一個詞與前面的另一個詞互為反義。常用的信號詞有： but/yet/however/nevertheless; while/whereas; otherwise/or else; unlike/instead/ rather than; by contrast/compared to; on the contrary/ on the other hand 等。 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 例2 The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display. Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the passage? A．Messy and untidy. B．Rich and expensive. C．Comfortable and calming.
D．Foreign and unusual. 【點睛】 D 由but引導(dǎo)的前后句可知，exotic與quite normal(相當(dāng)平常)在意義上是互為反義的，因此選擇D項foreign and unusual(異乎尋常)。 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 策略3：依據(jù)下定義，作解釋猜測詞義 在說明文、科技文中運用下定義或解釋概念的方法來定義或詮釋某一名詞或概念是文章寫作的又一特點。在寫作方法上常采用先總后分(即先定義后解釋)或先分后總(即先說明后結(jié)論)的方式。常用的定義信號詞有：be defined as/be termed(被定義為)，be called(被稱為)，mean/refer to/be(意指，是)。 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 例3 [2011·安徽卷] (節(jié)選) George Prochnik would like the world to put a sock in it. He makes his case in a new book，Listening for Meaning in a World of Noise. Here he explains himself (using his indoor voice)： “We've become so accustomed to noise，there's almost a deep prejudice against the idea that silence might be beneficial. If you tell someone to be quiet，you sound like an old man. But it's never been more important to find continuing quiet. Silence focuses us，improves our health，and is a key to lasting peace and satisfaction.” 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 What does the phrase “to put a sock in it ”in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．To be quiet. B．To be colorful. C．To be full of love.
D．To be attentive to someone. 【點睛】 A 詞義猜測題。本題是根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)上的“總—分”關(guān)系猜測詞義。文章首句先表明觀點，然后進(jìn)一步清楚地分述自己的觀點——沒有噪音，我們會專注生活中各種美好的聲音。再結(jié)合上下文可以看出George Prochnik是反對噪音的，所以他應(yīng)該是喜歡安靜的，故答案選A。 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 策略4：依據(jù)邏輯推理猜測詞義 運用邏輯推理猜測詞義是使用最廣考查最多也是最易失分的猜詞方式。要求考生具備整合分散、復(fù)雜信息的能力，充分利用上下文中相關(guān)的詞匯并結(jié)合具體的語境，從形式和內(nèi)容上把握語言之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，理順語言之間的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)而達(dá)到猜詞的目的。常見的邏輯關(guān)系有：因果關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系、對比關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等。 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 例4 [2011·四川卷] (節(jié)選) So what drives me to roll out of bed at 5：00 a．m.？What gives me the reason to just say no to ice cream? Commitment. A commitment to change my life with a way that reduces daily anxiety，increases self－confidence and energy，extends life and above all improves my body shape. What does the underlined word “commitment” in the last paragraph mean? A．Good health.
B．Firm belief.
C．A strong power.
D．A regular habit. 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 【點睛】 B 詞義猜測題。本題是根據(jù)解說關(guān)系猜測詞義。從文中“A commitment to change my life with a way that reduces daily anxiety，…above all improves my body shape.”可知，“減少焦慮、增強信心…改變體型”即不定式部分是修飾commitment的，結(jié)合文意可推斷出commitment意為“堅強的信念”，故選擇B項。本題容易受字面意思的影響而誤選C項。 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 策略5：依據(jù)替代詞猜測詞義 使用替代詞 it, they, them, one(s), these, that 或 the other (two…)等指代上下文中詞匯或句義是猜測詞義的另一種形式。
閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 策略6：依據(jù)例證猜測詞義 采用事實說理(即例證)以加強觀點的說服力或使觀點更加明朗清楚是文章寫作的常用手法。借助例證獲取更多信息，即可實現(xiàn)猜詞的目的。常用的例證信號詞有： like/for example/for instance/such as; include/consist of 等。 此外，運用語法和常識以達(dá)到猜詞的目的也是詞義猜測策略的另一種表現(xiàn)形式。英語構(gòu)詞法給英語語言創(chuàng)造了豐富的詞匯源泉，因此掌握構(gòu)詞規(guī)律是達(dá)到猜詞目的的有效捷徑。這種猜詞的策略主要表現(xiàn)在： 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 (1)依據(jù)詞性變化猜測詞義 英語語言的詞性變化是非常活躍的，如名詞動化、動詞名化、形容詞動化等，閱讀時要充分抓住這一特點，從而準(zhǔn)確地猜測詞義。 (2)依據(jù)詞義變化(詞義引申)猜測詞義 英語語言除了詞性活躍的特點外，其詞義的變化也是非?；钴S的。同一個詞在不同的語境中其詞義也會發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化，即所謂的詞義引申。 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 (3)依據(jù)詞的派生和合成猜測詞義 派生法是英語構(gòu)詞法中最主要的構(gòu)詞方法，它由詞根、前綴或后綴組成。如：前綴dis－， im－， ir－， un－可以構(gòu)成反義詞；后綴－less也以構(gòu)成反義詞。遇到合成詞時在正確理解兩詞的基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合原文來把握兩詞之間的關(guān)系，從而準(zhǔn)確地猜測詞義。 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 【活學(xué)活用】 1．The ruler had been so cruel and dishonest that after the revolution she was banished. A few members of the Senate opposed this decision, but the majority voted that the ruler should leave the country forever. A．killed by stoning
B．sent away C．imprisoned
D．punished by whipping
[答案] B 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 2．The prisoner seemed to relax but actually he was thinking hard, while his hand moved so slowly that the movement was imperceptible. It was only when the keys accidentally fell from the table that the guard suddenly realized that the prisoner's hand had almost reached them. A．hardly noticeable B．heavy－h(huán)anded C．not capable of fast or immediate action D．a(chǎn) matter of habit
[答案] A 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 3．Mrs. Morgan's son was intelligent and charming, but his continual extravagance made her wonder if she could continue to support him. Each month she was going deep into debt, attempting to pay for his expensive purchases. A．superior manner B．wastefulness or carelessness in spending money C．showing too great concern for current fashions D．insults to family or close friends
[答案] B 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 4．Twelve－year－old Sally was an active girl, while her sister was quite sedate. A．pretty
B．calm C．protective
D．Energetic
[答案] B 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 5．I wanted to stay in New York, but my friend tried to dissuade me. A．deceive
B．frighten C．talk out of it
D．a(chǎn)ccompany
[答案] C 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 6．Albert's success after much effort and practice prove the value of persistence. A．time
B．competition C．perseverance
D．beginning again
[答案] C 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 7．He felt very lonely; he had lived in Baltimore City for a month and had met no one in the inhospitable city. A．unfriendly
B．uncomfortable C．unhealthy
D．enormous
[答案] A 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 8．I found a secluded area where no man or animal could be seen for miles around. A．cool
B．isolated C．quiet
D．noisy
[答案] B 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 9．The archaeologist spent years studying and searching for remains of the Chinese civilization. A．one who studies the mind B．one who studies cultures C．one who studies the body D．one who studies animals
[答案] B 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 10．CARDIFF, Wales (De, 15)—Poets, singers and musicians from across the globe gathered in Wales to celebrate the tradition of storytelling. “It came out of a group of people who wanted to reconnect with traditions, and as all the Welsh are storytellers, it was in good hands here.” Ambrose said. A．controlled by rich people B．grasped by good storytellers C．taken good care of D．protected by kind people [答案] C 閱讀寫作(二十一) │ 重視詞義猜測 2．單項填空
We have been told that under no circumstances ________ the office telephone for personal affairs.
A．can we use
B．we can use
C．we use
D．did we use
[解析] A 考查詞組用法。under no circumstances“在任何情況下都不”，其位于句首時，句子要進(jìn)行倒裝。 第21講 │ 單詞點睛
9 decline vt.&vi. 下降，下滑，下傾；衰退，衰落；謝絕 n. 衰退；衰敗(一般用單數(shù))
on the decline
在下降；在衰退中
fall/go into a decline
衰退 第21講 │ 單詞點睛
【活學(xué)活用】 (1) Tom ___________ (拒絕)have lunch with his girlfriend. (2) Steel production has been _____________ (在衰退中) in these countries. (3) There was __________ (下降趨勢)in interests in sports.
第21講 │ 單詞點睛
declined to on the decline a decline 1 at all costs 不管多大代價，無論如何
at_____ cost 不惜任何代價，無論如何
at the cost ____ …
以……為代價
at a cost of
以……的價格
at cost
按成本，以成本價格(出售)
cut/reduce costs
減少日?；ㄤN
cover the cost of sth.
支付某物的費用 第21講 │ 短語儲存
短語儲存 any of 【活學(xué)活用】 1．根據(jù)漢語意思完成句子
(1) We must avoid war _________________________.
我們必須不惜任何代價避免戰(zhàn)爭。
(2) He saved the children from the fire _________________.
他舍身把孩子們從大火中救出。
(3) The students are given ￡50 a year to _______________ books and stationery.
學(xué)生每年得到50英鎊作為支付書籍和文具的費用。 第21講 │ 短語儲存
at all costs/at any cost at the cost of his life cover the cost of 2．單項填空
His uncle's a car dealer and lets him buy the car ______.
A．a(chǎn)t all costs
B．a(chǎn)t the cost
C．a(chǎn)t a cost
D．a(chǎn)t cost
[解析] D 句意：他的叔叔是個汽車銷售商，因此讓他按成本價購買。at cost“按成本價格”，符合句意。 第21講 │ 短語儲存
2 go through 通過；經(jīng)受；仔細(xì)檢查，審查
go ____ 上漲，上升
go out
熄滅；出去
go ____
檢查；復(fù)習(xí)
go away
走開，離開
go down
下落；下沉；下降
go off
離開，爆炸 第21講 │ 短語儲存
up
over 【活學(xué)活用】 1．用上述短語的適當(dāng)形式完成句子
(1) I'd like to have you ____________ (仔細(xì)檢查)the books.
(2) She ____________ (經(jīng)歷)one hardship after another.
(3) The plan did not ____________ (通過)．
(4) These countries __________________ (已經(jīng)經(jīng)受)too many
wars.
(5) It took us a whole week to ____________ (通過)the forest. 第21講 │ 短語儲存
go through went through go through have gone through go through 2．單項填空
The police suspected him of carrying drugs so they ________
his bag, but found nothing.
A．looked through B．went through
C．pulled through
D．got through
[解析] B look through瀏覽；go through經(jīng)歷，通過， 仔細(xì)搜查；pull through渡過難關(guān)；get through完成，接通。 第21講 │ 短語儲存
3 wipe out 徹底毀滅
wipe… ______ …用……擦……
wipe away
擦掉，擦干
wipe ____
從……擦下去
wipe up
用布擦凈(液體、污漬等)
wipe sth.
from one's mind/memory 有意忘記某事物 第21講 │ 短語儲存
with off 【活學(xué)活用】 1．根據(jù)漢語意思完成句子
(1) The storm ______ the building_____ only in two hours.
在兩個小時之內(nèi)，暴風(fēng)雨把建筑物毀壞了。
(2) _____ your tears _____；believe yourself and try again.
擦掉眼淚，相信自己，再試一次。
(3) ______ your nose ______ your handkerchief!
用手帕擦擦你的鼻子！ 第21講 │ 短語儲存
wiped
out Wipe away Wipe with 2．單項填空
The entire population was ________ by the terrible disease.
A．wiped away B．wiped out
C．wiped off
D．wiped up
[解析] B 考查詞組辨析。wipe away擦掉，清除掉；wipe out徹底毀滅；wipe off擦掉，刷掉；wipe up用布擦干。句意：所有的居民都被可怕的疾病奪去了生命。
第21講 │ 短語儲存
It seems a real pity that thousands of people who could have benefited from Traditional Chinese Medicine missed out because of ignorance.
由于無知那些數(shù)以千計的本可以受益于中藥的人卻錯過治療真是很可惜。 句型公式 It seems (to sb. )that… 第21講 │ 句型透視
句型透視 【相關(guān)句型】 (1) It seems (to sb. )that…(在某人看來)似乎，好像……， 動詞seem可根據(jù)語境的不同選擇不同的時態(tài)。 (2) It would seem…語氣稍委婉一些。 (3) It seems that…“似乎……”，可轉(zhuǎn)換成“主語＋seem＋to do/to be doing/to have done…”句型。 (4) It seems as if/as though…“看樣子似乎是……”(可用虛擬語氣)。 (5) seem like…“似乎像”(like是介詞)。 (6) There seems to be…“似乎有……”。 第21講 │ 句型透視
【活學(xué)活用】 1．改為同義句
(1) It seems that she is ill.
__________________
(2) It seemed that he was studying hard.
__________________________
(3) It seemed that he had forgotten his real name.
____________________________________ 第21講 │ 句型透視
She seems to be ill. He seemed to be studying hard.
He seemed to have forgotten his real name. 2．單項填空
________ have seen the film.
A．It seems that heB．He seems that he
C．He seems to
D．It seems as if
[答案] C
第21講 │ 句型透視
第21講 │ 跟蹤訓(xùn)練
跟蹤訓(xùn)練 Ⅰ.單詞拼寫 1．After eating too much, we need a walk to digest . 2．Blood c_________ around the body. 3．His words were followed by a long p_____. 4．I begin to______(尋找)a right way after I get lost in the forest. 5．The power of the _____ (資訊界) is out of your imagination. irculates
ause
seek press Ⅱ.選詞填空 用下面短語的適當(dāng)形式填空。 at random; in vain; out of breath; at all costs; slow down 1．The market researchers interviewed people _________ in the street. 2．Remember that you'll have got to finish this job by tomorrow _________. 3．It is dangerous to ride a bicycle along an icy road like that, so please _________ your bicycle. 4．It took me only five minutes to get to school this morning.
Of course, I was ____________. 第21講 │ 跟蹤訓(xùn)練
at random at all costs slow down out of breath 5．The girl decided to work in the west.
Her parents tried to persuade her to change her mind, but _______. 第21講 │ 跟蹤訓(xùn)練
in vain Ⅲ.單項填空 1．Although the Romans couldn't be forced to pay taxes, they couldn't vote ________ they agreed to ________ a government.
A．unless; submit toB．until; correspond to
C．when; resign to
D．while; compromise to
[解析] A 很顯然，后一個分句是前一個分句的條件狀語。句意：……除非他們同意順從于一個政府。submit to 服從于， 屈從于。 第21講 │ 跟蹤訓(xùn)練
2．How can they perform their work well under such ________？
A．circumstances
B．state
C．case
D．situation
