2024屆高考英語考前沖刺：定語從句訓(xùn)練

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　　2024屆高考英語考前沖刺定語從句1.定語從句：定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個名詞性成分，相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以又稱為形容詞性從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。

　　2.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞常有3個作用：1，引導(dǎo)定語從句。2，代替先行詞。3，在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分。

　　3.定語：定語用來限定、修飾名詞或代詞的，是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容詞擔(dān)任。此外，名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，分詞，副詞，不定式以及介詞短語也可以來擔(dān)任，也可以由一個句子來擔(dān)任．單詞作定語時通常放在它所修飾的詞之前，作前置定語。短語和從句作定語時則放在所修飾的詞之后，作后置定語。

　?。ㄒ唬?限定性定語從句

　　一、關(guān)系代詞

　　1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它們在從句中作主語或賓語，that在從句中作賓語時?？墒÷躁P(guān)系詞，which在從句中作賓語也可以省略。[eg：this is the book （which）you want。]而且，如果which在從句中作“不及物動詞＋介詞”的介詞的賓語，注意介詞不要丟掉，而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊，但有的則放在它原來的位置

　　2. which作賓語時，根據(jù)先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關(guān)系，先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟

　　3. 代表物時多用which，但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which，這些詞包括當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing ,few, all, none, little, some等不定代詞時，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時等，這時的that常被省略還有先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時,或先行詞就是序數(shù)詞或最高級時.以及先行詞中既有人又有物時.還有句中前面有which時,都只能用that

　　4. who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句中的主語和賓語，whom作賓語時，要注意它可以作動詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語

　　二、關(guān)系副詞

　　關(guān)系副詞=介詞+關(guān)系代詞

　　why=for which

　　where=in which

　　when=during which

　　whose=of which

　　1. where是關(guān)系副詞，用來表示地點的定語從句

　　2. when引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時間［注］值得一提的是，表示時間“time"一詞的定語從句只用when引導(dǎo)，有時不用任何關(guān)系代詞，當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo)

　　By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc.

　　3. whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語，相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格.它引導(dǎo)的從句可以修飾人和物, 當(dāng)它引導(dǎo)的從句修飾物體時, 可以與 of which 調(diào)換,表達的意思一樣.

　　4. 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時，常用there is來引導(dǎo)

　　There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 這里有人要和你說話。（二）非限定性定語從句

　　非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進一步說明，通常是引導(dǎo)詞和先行詞之間用逗號隔開，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

　　1. which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分

　　2.當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的，例如：

　　Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。

　　My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。

　　This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。

　　3.非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：

　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。

　　Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。

　　4. 有時as也可用作關(guān)系代詞

　　5. 在非限定性定語從句中，不能用關(guān)系副詞why和關(guān)系代詞that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物.；

　　[編輯本段]

　?。ㄈ╆P(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

　　1.who指人在從句中做主語

　　(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

　　(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.

　　2. whom指人，在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，?？墒÷?。（注：who和whom已無太大區(qū)別，可以通用。）

　　(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.

　　(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.

　　(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

　　注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。

　　如果在從句中做賓語,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to.

　　如果是在從句中作主語就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.

　　3.which指物，在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略

　　(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

　　(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.

　　4. that指人時，相當(dāng)于who或者whom；指物時，相當(dāng)于which。

　　在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略。

　　(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

　　(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?

　　5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語

　　(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

　　(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物時，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替

　　(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

　　(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

　　(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?

　　(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow? （四）注意

　　介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時

　　從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)

　　(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.

　　(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.

　　(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.

　　(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.

　　(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.

　　(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.

　　注意：1. 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等

　　(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T＝正確)

　　(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F＝錯誤)

　　2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom，不可用who或者that；指物時用which，不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whose

　　(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)

　　(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)

　　(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)

　　(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)

　　3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞

　　(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

　　(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

　　(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

　　（五）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

　　1. when指時間，在定語從句中做時間狀語

　　(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

　　(2) The time when we got together finally came.

　　2. where指地點，在定語從句中做地點狀語

　　(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.

　　(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

　　3. why指原因，在定語從句中做原因狀語

　　(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

　　(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

　　注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換

　　(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,

　　(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.

　　(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.

　?。┡袛嚓P(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞　

　　方法一：用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。不及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞加關(guān)系代詞；而及物動詞后接賓語，則要求用關(guān)系代詞。例如：　

　　This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.　

　　I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.　

　　判斷改錯（注：先顯示題，再顯示答案，橫線；用不同的顏色表示出。）　

　?。ㄥe） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.　

　?。ㄥe） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.　

　?。▽Γ?This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.　

　?。▽Γ?I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.　

　　習(xí)慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。

　　方法二：準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?　

　　A. where　B. that　C. on which　D. the one

　　例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?

　　A. where　B. that　C. on which　D. the one答案：

　　例1 D，例2 A

　　例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

　　在句1中，is后應(yīng)跟表語，只有the one可以，而后面的you visited a few days ago則做one的定語從句。

　　而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對，所以選A。　

　　關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；

　　先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點狀語，when 時間狀語，why 原因狀語) 。

　　[編輯本段]

　?。ㄆ撸┙樵~+關(guān)系詞

　　1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。

　　2）that前不能有介詞。

　　3）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時間，地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when ,where和why 互換?！his is the house in which I lived two years ago.　

　　This is the house where I lived two years ago.　

　　Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?　

　　Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

　　This is the reason why he came late.

　　This is the reason for which he came late.

　　[編輯本段]

　?。ò耍┫刃性~和關(guān)系詞二合一　

　　1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.　(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)　2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)

　　[編輯本段]

　　（九）as,which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句　

　　由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中?！?/p>

　　As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.　

　　The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.　

　　典型例題

　　1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.

　　A. it　B. that　C. which　D. he　

　　答案C. 此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。

　　2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.

　　A. what　B. which　C. that　D. it　

　　答案B。