山東省郯城第三中學(xué)高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)：動(dòng)詞ing形式的用法
一)Ving形式作定語
分詞短語作定語時(shí)，放在被修飾的名詞之后；單個(gè)分詞作定語時(shí)，放在被修飾的名詞之前。例如：
The man standing by the window is our teacher.
Many frightened people rushed out of the burning building.
Ving作定語主要表示動(dòng)作和用途。
1. 表示動(dòng)作（主動(dòng)的、進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作）。
a waiting car = the car that is waiting
a sleeping child 熟睡的孩子
The girl standing there is my sister.
站在那兒的女孩是我的姐妹。
[注意]現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)，它表示的動(dòng)作是正在進(jìn)行或與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先有后，一般不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，而要用定語從句。例如：
The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window. 老師批評了打破窗戶的學(xué)生。
2. 表示用途：
the waiting room = the room for waiting 候車室
a working method 工作方法
He has a reading room. 他有一個(gè)書房。
【比較】
過去分詞作定語：
及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞表示被動(dòng)，不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞表示動(dòng)作完成。例如：
That is the book written by Lu Xun.
那是魯迅寫的書。
He is a returned student. 他是一個(gè)歸國的留學(xué)生。
不定式作定語：
用不定式作定語，其經(jīng)常所修飾的名詞、代詞有：
meeting, reason, time, way, need, right, chance, decision, wish, promise, ability, anxiety, something, anything, nothing, anybody, somebody, thing... 例如：
We have no time to lose.
我們沒有時(shí)間（可以浪費(fèi)）了。
That’s the plan to build the factory.
那就是建那座工廠的計(jì)劃。
(二)Ving形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語
1. 在keep, find, notice, have, feel, hear, see, leave...等動(dòng)詞后常用Ving形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
例如：
1) The boss kept the workers working the whole night. 那個(gè)老板讓工人整夜地工作。
2) We found the old lady lying in bed. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)那老太太躺在床上。
2. 在感官動(dòng)詞：see, hear, look at, notice, observe, feel, find...等及使役動(dòng)詞：have, make, leave, keep, get...等后既可以用不定式也可以用Ving形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。不定式（不帶to）表示過程或動(dòng)作完成，Ving形式強(qiáng)調(diào)進(jìn)行或當(dāng)時(shí)情景。例如：
I saw the lady crossing the street.
我看見那位婦人在過馬路。
We heard her sing two songs.
我們聽她唱了兩首歌。?
(三)Ving形式作主語
Ving形式具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的性質(zhì)，在句中起名詞作用，可作主語。
Seeing is believing.眼見為實(shí)。
It is no use arguing with him.和他爭論沒有用。
Ving形式作主語常用于下列句型：
【注意】
?、?Ving形式和不定式都可以作主語，Ving形式作主語表示一般或抽象的多次性行為，不定式作主語往往表示具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作。例如：
Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指玩火）
To play with fire will be dangerous.（指一具體動(dòng)作）
但在It is no use / good, not any use / good, useless 等后必須用Ving形式。
② Ving形式作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：
Forgetting the past means betrayal. 忘記過去就意味著背叛。
?。ㄋ模￢ing形式作表語
Ving形式具有形容詞和名詞的性質(zhì)，在句中可作表語。
作表語用的Ving形式有兩種：一種用作名詞，一種用作形容詞。用作名詞時(shí)，說明主語的內(nèi)容，就此提問時(shí)，用what ；用作形容詞時(shí)，說明主語的特征，用how進(jìn)行提問。例如：
Her favourite job is teaching English.→ What is her favourite job?
It is interesting to read such a story. → How is it to read such a story? ?
(五)Ving形式作賓語
Ving形式具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的性質(zhì)，在句中起名詞作用，可作賓語。
He is fond of playing football. I like swimming.
他很喜歡足球，我喜歡游泳。
【注意】
?、賏dmit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t stand等動(dòng)詞后可以用Ving形式作賓語，但不能用不定式。
?、趂orget, go on, like, mean, regret, remember, stop, try等動(dòng)詞可帶Ving形式或不定式作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別。試比較：
I remember doing the exercise. 我記得做過練習(xí)。
I must remember to do it. 我必須記著做這事。
I tried not to go there. 我設(shè)法不去那里。
I tried doing it again. 我試著又干了一次。
Stop speaking.? 不要講話。
He stopped to talk. 他停下來講話。
I mean to come early today. 我打算今天來早些。
Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 誤了這趟火車意味著再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。
③在allow, advise, forbid, permit 等動(dòng)詞后直接跟動(dòng)詞作賓語時(shí)，要用Ving形式，如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語，然后在跟動(dòng)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，其賓語補(bǔ)足語用帶to的不定式。例如：
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
?、軇?dòng)詞need, require, want作“需要”解，其后跟動(dòng)詞作它的賓語時(shí)，必須用Ving形式，或不定式的被動(dòng)式，這時(shí)，Ving形式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：
The window needs (requires, wants) cleaning (to be cleaned).
?、菰诙陶Zdevote to, look forward to, stick to, be used to, object to, thank you for, excuse me for, be (kept) busy, be worth, have difficulty / trouble / problem(in), have a good / wonderful / hard time(in), feel? like, get down to等后的動(dòng)詞也必須用Ving形式。例如：
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
?、拊趌ove, hate, prefer等動(dòng)詞后用Ving形式或不定式無大的區(qū)別。但說話人有所指的時(shí)候，通常用不定式。
?、遱tart, begin, continue在書面語中多后接動(dòng)名詞，在口語中多后接不定式。
?、嘣趕hould (would) like / love等后須用不定式。?
【知識拓展】
Ving形式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
1. Ving形式的時(shí)態(tài)
Ving形式的時(shí)態(tài)分一般式和完成式兩種，如果Ving形式的動(dòng)作沒有明確地表示出時(shí)間是與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語動(dòng)詞以前發(fā)生，用Ving形式的一般式。例如：
His coming will be of great help to us.
如果Ving形式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，通常用Ving形式的完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.
2. Ving形式的語態(tài)
? 主語是這個(gè)Ving形式所表示的動(dòng)作的對象時(shí)，Ving形式用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“being + 過去分詞”或“having been + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成，后一種一般避免使用。例如：
He likes being helped.
He was afraid of being left at home.
▲在to be worth doing 句型中，Ving形式doing表示的是被動(dòng)意義。例如：
The book is worth reading.
動(dòng)詞的-ing形式是英語中非謂語動(dòng)詞的一種,它在句中可作主語?賓語?表語?定語?狀語及補(bǔ)足語?由于這種形式是由動(dòng)詞變化而來的,因此它具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征,即可帶自己的賓語和狀語,從而構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞
-ing短語?它有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化,也有否定形式及其復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)形式?
現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞do為例,其變化形式如下:
復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)形式在句中主要作主語和賓語?作賓語時(shí)可用代詞賓格或名詞普通格加上動(dòng)詞的-ing形式?
一? 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語(通常指一個(gè)抽象動(dòng)作)時(shí),它可直接置于主語位置,也可以用it作形式主語,而把作真正主語的動(dòng)詞-ing形式放在句子的后部?例如:
1. Knowing table manners will help you make a good impression.
2. Having a cellphone also makes us feel safer, since we can call for help in case of an emergency.
3. It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
4. His coming made us very happy. (復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語)
二? 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語?例如:
1. Having good table manners means knowing how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table.
2. Do you prefer living in the zoo or living in the jungle?
3. I really can’t understand you treating her like that.
[注意] 1. 下列動(dòng)詞后面通常要用動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語?
enjoy, finish, stop, mind, suggest, practise, excuse(原諒),appreciate, keep, risk(冒險(xiǎn)), consider, admit, miss(錯(cuò)過), imagine, avoid(避免), delay(推遲) resist, cannot help等?
2. 在need, want, require, be worth 等動(dòng)詞(短語)后面常用動(dòng)詞
-ing的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義?例如:
The flowers want watering.
三? 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語(常指主語的內(nèi)容?狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)等)?例如:
My interests are reading novels, playing football and singing songs.
The film was so moving that we saw it twice.
四? 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語?
單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語時(shí),常置于所修飾的名詞前面;動(dòng)詞
-ing短語作定語時(shí)則常置于被修飾的詞后面?例如:
1. English is the working language of most international organizations, international trade and tourism.
2. The building being built now will be our library.
五? 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語?
動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語時(shí),可以表示時(shí)間?原因?伴隨狀況?條件?結(jié)果等?例如:
1. Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy. (時(shí)間)
2. Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note. (原因)
3. The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden. (伴隨狀況)
4. In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals, ranking third of all the competing countries. (結(jié)果)
注意: 1. 動(dòng)詞-ing形式(短語)作狀語時(shí)的幾個(gè)特性?
① 時(shí)間性?如果動(dòng)詞-ing形式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,則用一般式;如果動(dòng)詞-ing形式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前則使用完成式?
?、?語態(tài)性?應(yīng)考慮動(dòng)詞-ing形式與句子主語之間的關(guān)系是主謂關(guān)系還是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,據(jù)此來確定語態(tài)?
?、?人稱的一致性?動(dòng)詞-ing形式的邏輯主語應(yīng)和句子的主語一致?
2. 動(dòng)詞-ing形式前可以加when, while, though等從屬連詞,這可以視為狀語從句的省略?例如:
When drinking to someone’s health, you raise your glasses, but the glasses should not be touched.
While visiting the city, they received a warm welcome.
六? 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作補(bǔ)足語?例如:
1. He found the wall being painted.
2. With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.
通常,賓語補(bǔ)足語與賓語之間有著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語往往表示其動(dòng)作在延續(xù)或進(jìn)行中,用動(dòng)詞-ing作賓語補(bǔ)足語的常見的動(dòng)詞有: have, get, send, leave等使役動(dòng)詞; see, hear, watch, observe, notice, catch, find, listen to,look at等感官動(dòng)詞?當(dāng)這些動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞-ing形式就相應(yīng)變成了主語補(bǔ)足語?
鞏固性練習(xí):
1. ______ his exercise book, he was scolded(批評) by the teacher.
A. Not having handed in B. Having not handed in
C. Not handing in D. Handing not in
2. It was______to see all the students______silently in the classroom.
A. surprising; sitting B. surprised; seating
C. surprising; seat D. surprised; sitting
3. China became the 143rd member of the WTO on Decomber 11,2001,thus______its 15-year wish to join the global trade body.
A. realized
B. to realize
C. having realized
D. realizing
4. While watching television,______ .
A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings
C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings
5. “You can’t catch me!” John shouted,______away.
A. run B. running C. to run D. ran
6. The picture______on the wall is painted by my nephew.
A. having hung B. hanging
C. hangs D. being hung
7.______from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him whenever he goes.
A. Suffered B. Suffering
C. Having suffered D. Being suffered
8. The______boy was last seen______near the East Lake.
A. missing; playing
B. missing; play
C. missed; played
D. missed; to play
9. Ann never dreams of______for her to be sent abroad very soon.
A. being a chance
B. there being a chance
C. that she will have a chance
D. there to be a chance
10. While shopping, people sometimes can’t help______into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuade
B. persuading
C. being persuaded
D. be persuaded
11. —Henry doesn’t seem to be what he was.
—No.______so much in the war has made him more thoughtful.
A. Seen
B. His seeing
C. Having seen
D. To have seen
12. —Were you busy last weekend?
—Very. Rather than______time playing cards as usual, I devoted every effort to______an advertisement.
A. wasting; making
B. waste; make
C. to waste; make
D. a waste of; making
