水木艾迪：閱讀理解沖刺之新題型一
新題型一：選句填空
出題特點(diǎn)
1、出題位置
該節(jié)分為兩個(gè)部分：主干部分和選項(xiàng)部分。主干部分的原文約600詞，其中有5段空白處空白處的位置可能在段首、段落中間、段未，但不會是文章的第一句，一般情況下也不會是最后一句。選項(xiàng)部分為6或7文字，每段可能是一個(gè)句子，可能是兩三個(gè)短句，也有可能是完整的段落。其中5段分屬于主干部分的空白處。要求考生依據(jù)自己對文章的理解從選項(xiàng)中選擇5段文字放回到文章中相應(yīng)的5段空白處。
2、選項(xiàng)設(shè)置特點(diǎn)
非等額選項(xiàng)(題目5道，6-7個(gè)選項(xiàng))。
3、測試重點(diǎn)
考生需要認(rèn)真搞清楚主干內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)上的關(guān)系和布局，從而分辨出選項(xiàng)部分從結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容上看是屬于文章的哪個(gè)部分，并可以與空白處的上下文有機(jī)地銜接起來。一般情況下不可能有特別明顯的詞匯、句子等語言方面的提示，也并不要求考生過分關(guān)注某一具體的細(xì)節(jié);而是要著眼于全文，在理解全文內(nèi)容、文章結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯關(guān)系(如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、因果關(guān)系、從屬關(guān)系等)的基礎(chǔ)之上方能做出正確選擇。
做題技巧：
1.閱讀選項(xiàng)，找出關(guān)鍵詞，或?qū)懴虏糠种形囊馑肌?/p>
2.每一空的前后句極為關(guān)鍵，一定要弄明白該空白處在文中的作用。根據(jù)上下文判斷其與其他相鄰句的邏輯關(guān)系。
3.選完一個(gè)，劃掉一個(gè)，不要再受其干擾。
4.注意某些特殊詞。如：therefore, nevertheless, the first, the best, the earliest等
5.做完后通讀全文，檢查。
6.注意時(shí)間最多不要超過30分鐘。時(shí)間分配：5分鐘閱讀選項(xiàng)，20分鐘做題，5分鐘檢查
7.放在段首的句子(段首題)的特點(diǎn)。
當(dāng)選項(xiàng)或某段段首會含有betweenand ,eitheror, not onlybut also;?
復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，那么該段將是總分結(jié)構(gòu)，其中提到的名詞可能定是線索;
會有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號：或?
放在段尾的句子有時(shí)也會有提示詞(段尾題的特點(diǎn))：?
因果連詞：therefore, thus, as a result, for this reason, hence ?
總結(jié)性連詞：in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word?
轉(zhuǎn)折性連詞：but, nevertheless
主旨句 排比句 例證句
8.了解段落的啟承轉(zhuǎn)合詞。
表示邏輯關(guān)系以及起承轉(zhuǎn)合的標(biāo)志詞語和線索提示語分類歸納一覽表
1)時(shí)空關(guān)系
afterwards; as soon as; at last; before; but not the least; eventually; every; finally seeing...; first; first of all; for a start; meanwhile; next; not... until; on the left/right; previously; prior to; second; since then; since; subsequently; till; time; to begin with; to end with; to start with; when
2)因果關(guān)系
...and so...; another important factor/reason of...; as a consequence; as a result; as a result of this; as; because of this; because; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that...; for this reason; for; hence; in consequence; in that...; in view of; owing to; since; so;...so that...; the reason seems to be obvious: there are about...; therefore; thus
3)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
and yet; but; unless; despite that; even so; even though; however; in spite of that; independent of; reckless of; regardless of; though; yet...
4)并列關(guān)系
also; and; as well as; both...and... ; either..., or...; neither... nor...; not only... but also; too
5)遞進(jìn)關(guān)系
accordingly; along this line of consideration; as a popular saying goes...; as far as... is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to do it...; in other words; in the first place..., in the second place...; in this way; meanwhile; moreover; not only..., but also...; not...but...; on the one hand..., on the other hand...; still
6)比較關(guān)系
apart from ...; by the same token; compared with; in comparison with; in the same vein; like...; likewise;... rather than...; by doing so; similarly; similarly important; when compared with; when in fact...
7)對比關(guān)系
as opposed to; as opposed to this; but on the other hand; by way of; contrary to; conversely; unlike; different from this; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; opposed to; something is just the other way around; whereas; while
8)舉例關(guān)系
a case in point is...; a good example would be... ; according to; as an illustration, I will say...; as for; as he explains; as regards; as to; as you know; consider...; for example; for instance; for one thing..., for another...; in particular; including...; it is interesting to note that...; like; namely; notably; put it simply; stated roughly; such as; take as example ; to detail this, I would like to...; you may ask/say
9)強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系
believe it or not; by definition; especially; in fact; in particular; in reality; indeed; it is certain/sure that...; moreover; not to mention...; other thing being equal; particularly; to be strict; to be true; what is more important
10)條件關(guān)系
as long as; even if; even though; if it is the case in this sense; if necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once...; provided that; unless
11)歸納總結(jié)類
accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in a word; in brief; in other words; in short; in summary; on the whole; overall; the conclusion can be drawn that...; therefore; to conclude; to sum up
例1：
II. Reading Comprehension
Part B
Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41) __________.
Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
42)__________. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.
43)________. There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44)________. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
45)________.
About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, are formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, the in the air.
The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.
The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.
Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impressions, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
答案：
本篇介紹的是史前類動物。文章結(jié)構(gòu)的脈絡(luò)清晰：首先介紹什么是史前動物和我們研究史前動物的依據(jù)化石，以及化石形成的過程。隨后，作者即按照動物進(jìn)化的順序我們可以見到其化石的最早的動物，水生殼類動物，脊椎類動物逐一加以介紹。
41.文章一開始，作者告訴我們，早在人類出現(xiàn)以前地球上就許多物種，現(xiàn)在有些物種的后代依然生存，而另外一些則沒有留下后裔。在本題空白處后面文章又說巖石上偶爾會留下數(shù)百萬年前就死掉了的動物精確的印記。顯然，空白處應(yīng)該是關(guān)于巖石與滅絕了的動物之間的關(guān)系(7個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有A﹑B﹑E﹑G四項(xiàng)提到了rock，但另外大三項(xiàng)意思上不符)。此外，空白處前面的extinct和no descendant均為否定意義和表達(dá)，而空白處的后面accurate和much則為肯定意義的表達(dá);這意味著空白處的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該有一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)上的轉(zhuǎn)折只有B項(xiàng)符合這一條件。所以正確答案只能是B。
42.本題考查尋找特征詞的能力。在該題中，根據(jù)就近原則在該題后的句子中找到the fossils和water action為特征詞。the fossils說明 fossils一詞是至少是第二次出現(xiàn)，因?yàn)樗懊婕恿硕ü谠~the，通過仔細(xì)觀察并不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，42以及其前面的內(nèi)容中都沒有fossils，這就確定fossils一詞必定出現(xiàn)在41，42中。根據(jù)意群相一致原則，在42中必定要與water action同現(xiàn)或復(fù)現(xiàn)的語言點(diǎn)。綜上所述，只有同時(shí)滿足以上兩個(gè)條件的選項(xiàng)才是正確答案。雖然G項(xiàng)一開始就有how fossils are preserved，與上文和下文似乎都是相吻合的;但是G項(xiàng)后面講的是動物遺體上的有機(jī)組織organism可能轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)化成幾種形式，而本題空白處后面的內(nèi)容則告訴人們Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action
Canadas premiers , if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.
Theyre all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.
41.
What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care to say nothing of reports from other experts recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.
42.
But national doesnt have to mean that. National could mean interprovincial provinces combining efforts to create one body.
Either way, one benefit of a national organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province or a series of hospitals within a province negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.
Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.
43.
A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.
A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. Thats one reason why the idea of a national list hasnt gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.
44.
Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanows report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.
45.
So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.
Quebecs resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebecs Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!
Or they could read Mr. Kirbys report: The substantial buying power or such an agency would strengthen the pubic prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.
What does national mean? Roy Romano and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.
The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.
According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, Prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.
So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.
Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldnt like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.
[真題答案詳解]
41.
空白前的一段說，省長們都在抱怨醫(yī)療成本飛漲，其中漲得最快的就是藥品的費(fèi)用?？瞻缀蟮囊欢蝿t問該怎么干。按照邏輯，上一段講了醫(yī)療成本飛速增長，接下來一定會舉例說明，一定會涉及數(shù)字、比例等內(nèi)容。在7個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，有與涉及及數(shù)字。講到魁北克抵制參加全國性組織，而這事在以后的段落中才出現(xiàn)，所以肯定不是正確答案。講到了藥品消費(fèi)的上升并分析了原因，是正確答案。
42.
空白前的一段提到了要成立全國性的機(jī)構(gòu)，并講到了它的特點(diǎn)。空白后的一段以But 開頭，解釋national 的含義，所以空白處必定是解釋national 這一詞的。 What does national mean 與下一段But national doesnt have to mean 是前后呼應(yīng)的選擇。
