考研英語(yǔ)詞匯詞義破解之道
英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，遇到生詞怎么辦?許多人選擇直接翻閱字典。也正是因此，很多考生在考試的時(shí)候遇到生詞就不知所措，因?yàn)榭紙?chǎng)上不會(huì)允許你攜帶字典進(jìn)入。所以，在平常的復(fù)習(xí)中，我們就要養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣，翻閱字典并沒有錯(cuò)，但是在翻閱字典之前，不妨結(jié)合前后語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行推測(cè)、判斷其詞義。
利用各種已知信息推測(cè)、判斷詞義是一項(xiàng)重要的閱讀技巧。在實(shí)踐中，我們可以靈活運(yùn)用，綜合運(yùn)用下面提到的幾種猜測(cè)技巧，排除生詞的障礙，順利理解文章的思想內(nèi)容，提高閱讀速度。
同時(shí)，考生們也應(yīng)該避免以下兩種情況：第一，考生往往會(huì)隨便猜一個(gè)選項(xiàng)，錯(cuò)誤率很高。第二種情況下，考生往往落入命題專家的陷阱，不知不覺地失了分，原因是考生并沒有掌握閱讀詞匯題的基本命題原則。在閱讀部分的詞匯題要考的并不是考生認(rèn)不認(rèn)識(shí)題中所考的單詞，否則便是命題失效。此處要考的是考生閱讀中的推斷能力，也就是說(shuō)題中所考單詞的詞義必定能根據(jù)上下文推斷出來(lái)。所以考生在遇到閱讀中的詞匯題時(shí)，一定要冷靜，去上下文中細(xì)找，推斷出詞義后，可將詞義代入原文看是否通暢。
例如2003年第54題：
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate， they argue， shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so， leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. Its a theory to which many economists subscribe， but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace? asks Martin Bercovici， a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.
The word arbiters most probably refers to those_________.
who work as coordinators who function as judges who supervise transactions who determine the price該題的解題關(guān)鍵在于是否知道arbiters后的介賓短語(yǔ)of who wins and who loses in the marketplace就是對(duì)該詞的最準(zhǔn)確定義，依據(jù)該介賓短語(yǔ)，不難得出arbiters是決定誰(shuí)輸誰(shuí)贏的人，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有B選項(xiàng)和這個(gè)意思最為接近。
再例2004年第43題：
For any job search， you should start with a narrow conceptwhat you think you want to dothen broaden it. None of these programs do that， says another expert. Theres no career counseling implicit in all of this. Instead， the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail， consider it a reminder to check the database again. I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me， says the author of a job-searching guide.
The expression tip service most probably means .
advisory compensation interaction reminder該題的解題關(guān)鍵在于充分利用分號(hào)，分號(hào)前面的短語(yǔ)use the agent as a kind of tip service和分號(hào)后的consider it a reminder屬于并列關(guān)系，it和the agent都是指的文章中所說(shuō)的搜索代理，自然我們就找到了tip service的同義詞reminder.所以該題答案D.
詞義題解題方法針對(duì)推測(cè)生詞含義題型，我們可以從兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行分析：
1)利用內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系。即根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測(cè)詞義是指運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。
a.根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義在一個(gè)句子或段落中，有對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞或難詞的反義詞猜測(cè)其詞義。例如：
Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother， in contrast， is quite humble and modest. 該例中supercilious對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)可能是個(gè)生詞，但是句中短語(yǔ)in contrast，(相對(duì)照的，相對(duì)比的)可以提示我們supercilious和后面詞組humble and modest(謙卑又謙虛)是對(duì)比關(guān)系。分析出這種關(guān)系后，我們便能猜出supercilious意為目空一切的，傲慢的。
表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語(yǔ)主要是unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast 和while 引導(dǎo)的并列句等。例如，A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones. 該句中并未出現(xiàn)上面提到的表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞或短語(yǔ)，但是通過(guò)上下文可以判斷出句子前后是對(duì)比關(guān)系，即把熟練工人與非熟練工人區(qū)分開。這時(shí)我們也能夠推斷出生詞 adept的詞義，熟練的。
英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，遇到生詞怎么辦?許多人選擇直接翻閱字典。也正是因此，很多考生在考試的時(shí)候遇到生詞就不知所措，因?yàn)榭紙?chǎng)上不會(huì)允許你攜帶字典進(jìn)入。所以，在平常的復(fù)習(xí)中，我們就要養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣，翻閱字典并沒有錯(cuò)，但是在翻閱字典之前，不妨結(jié)合前后語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行推測(cè)、判斷其詞義。
利用各種已知信息推測(cè)、判斷詞義是一項(xiàng)重要的閱讀技巧。在實(shí)踐中，我們可以靈活運(yùn)用，綜合運(yùn)用下面提到的幾種猜測(cè)技巧，排除生詞的障礙，順利理解文章的思想內(nèi)容，提高閱讀速度。
同時(shí)，考生們也應(yīng)該避免以下兩種情況：第一，考生往往會(huì)隨便猜一個(gè)選項(xiàng)，錯(cuò)誤率很高。第二種情況下，考生往往落入命題專家的陷阱，不知不覺地失了分，原因是考生并沒有掌握閱讀詞匯題的基本命題原則。在閱讀部分的詞匯題要考的并不是考生認(rèn)不認(rèn)識(shí)題中所考的單詞，否則便是命題失效。此處要考的是考生閱讀中的推斷能力，也就是說(shuō)題中所考單詞的詞義必定能根據(jù)上下文推斷出來(lái)。所以考生在遇到閱讀中的詞匯題時(shí)，一定要冷靜，去上下文中細(xì)找，推斷出詞義后，可將詞義代入原文看是否通暢。
例如2003年第54題：
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate， they argue， shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so， leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. Its a theory to which many economists subscribe， but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace? asks Martin Bercovici， a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.
The word arbiters most probably refers to those_________.
who work as coordinators who function as judges who supervise transactions who determine the price該題的解題關(guān)鍵在于是否知道arbiters后的介賓短語(yǔ)of who wins and who loses in the marketplace就是對(duì)該詞的最準(zhǔn)確定義，依據(jù)該介賓短語(yǔ)，不難得出arbiters是決定誰(shuí)輸誰(shuí)贏的人，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有B選項(xiàng)和這個(gè)意思最為接近。
再例2004年第43題：
For any job search， you should start with a narrow conceptwhat you think you want to dothen broaden it. None of these programs do that， says another expert. Theres no career counseling implicit in all of this. Instead， the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail， consider it a reminder to check the database again. I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me， says the author of a job-searching guide.
The expression tip service most probably means .
advisory compensation interaction reminder該題的解題關(guān)鍵在于充分利用分號(hào)，分號(hào)前面的短語(yǔ)use the agent as a kind of tip service和分號(hào)后的consider it a reminder屬于并列關(guān)系，it和the agent都是指的文章中所說(shuō)的搜索代理，自然我們就找到了tip service的同義詞reminder.所以該題答案D.
詞義題解題方法針對(duì)推測(cè)生詞含義題型，我們可以從兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行分析：
1)利用內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系。即根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測(cè)詞義是指運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。
a.根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義在一個(gè)句子或段落中，有對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞或難詞的反義詞猜測(cè)其詞義。例如：
Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother， in contrast， is quite humble and modest. 該例中supercilious對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)可能是個(gè)生詞，但是句中短語(yǔ)in contrast，(相對(duì)照的，相對(duì)比的)可以提示我們supercilious和后面詞組humble and modest(謙卑又謙虛)是對(duì)比關(guān)系。分析出這種關(guān)系后，我們便能猜出supercilious意為目空一切的，傲慢的。
表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語(yǔ)主要是unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast 和while 引導(dǎo)的并列句等。例如，A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones. 該句中并未出現(xiàn)上面提到的表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞或短語(yǔ)，但是通過(guò)上下文可以判斷出句子前后是對(duì)比關(guān)系，即把熟練工人與非熟練工人區(qū)分開。這時(shí)我們也能夠推斷出生詞 adept的詞義，熟練的。
