2023考研英語閱讀全球健康
Global health
全球健康
One potato, two potato, three potato
一個懶漢，兩個懶漢，三個懶漢
An effort to count the world s sloths
來數(shù)一數(shù)世界上的懶漢
A PAPER in the Lancet, shamelessly timed tocoincide with the Olympic games, comparescountries rates of physical activity.
《柳葉刀》的一篇文章對世界各國人民進行體育鍛煉的比率做了一個比較，而這篇文章的發(fā)表時間竟有意選在了奧運會召開之際。
The study it describes, led by Pedro Hallal of the Federal University of Pelotas, in Brazil, is themost complete portrait yet of the world s busy bees and couch potatoes.
文章中的研究由巴西佩洛塔斯聯(lián)邦大學(xué)的Pedro Hallal主導(dǎo)，是迄今為止對世界上的勤勞之人和電視懶蟲最為完整的描繪。
It suggests that nearly a third of adults, 31%, are not getting enough exercise.
研究顯示，世界上有將近三分之一31%的成年人缺乏鍛煉。
That rates of exercise have declinedis hardly a new discovery.
人們的鍛煉比率有所下降這并不是什么新發(fā)現(xiàn)。
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution,
自從工業(yè)革命開始后，
technology and economic growth have conspired to create a world in which the flexing ofmuscles is more and more an option rather than a necessity.
科技和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展合謀創(chuàng)造了一個新世界，在這個世界里，鍛煉身體越來越成為人們的一種選擇，而非迫切的需要。
But only recently have enough good data been collected from enough places to carry out thesort of analysis Dr Hallal and his colleagues have engaged in.
但直到最近，Hallal博士和他的同事才從足夠多的地區(qū)收集到了充足的數(shù)據(jù)來進行這類分析研究。
In all, they were able to pool data from 122 countries, covering 89% of the world spopulation.
Hallal博士和他的同事總共收集了122個國家的數(shù)據(jù)，覆蓋了89%的世界人口。
They considered sufficient physical activity to be 30 minutes of moderate exercise fivedays a week,
他們認為，充足的體育鍛煉應(yīng)該是每周五天進行半小時的適量運動，
20 minutes of vigorous exercise three days a week, or some combination of the two.
或是每周三天進行20分鐘的激烈運動，或者對這兩者進行適當(dāng)結(jié)合。
There are common themes in different places.
不同的地區(qū)出現(xiàn)了同樣的模式。
Unsurprisingly, people in rich countries are less active than those in poor ones, and old peopleare less active than young ones.
富裕國家的人比那些貧窮國家的人鍛煉得更少，老人比年輕人鍛煉得更少，這一點在意料之中。
Less obviously,
但較為隱秘的一個現(xiàn)象是，
women tend to exercise less than men34% are inactive, compared with 28% of men.
女性通常比男性鍛煉得少。女性懶惰人數(shù)占總?cè)藬?shù)的34%，而男性卻只占了28%。
But there are exceptions.
但是也有例外情況，
The women of Croatia, Finland, Iraq and Luxembourg, for example, move more than theirmale countrymen.
如克羅地亞、芬蘭、伊拉克、盧森堡這幾個國家的女性鍛煉得就比本國男性同胞多。
Malta wins the race for most slothful country, with 72% of adults getting too little exercise.
馬耳他有72%的成年人缺乏鍛煉，成為世界上最懶的國家。
Swaziland and Saudi Arabia slouch in close behind, with 69%.
斯威士蘭和沙特阿拉伯緊隨其后，懶惰人數(shù)占全國的69%。
In Bangladesh, by contrast, just 5% of adults fail to exercise enough.
相比之下，孟加拉國只有5%的成年人缺乏鍛煉。
Surprisingly, America does not live up to its sluggish reputation.
讓人吃驚的是，美國竟然沒有人們所說的那么懶。
Six Americans in ten are sufficiently active by Dr Hallal s definition, compared with fewerthan four in ten Britons.
根據(jù)Hallal博士的標準，十個美國人中有六個擁有足夠的鍛煉，而相比之下，十個英國人中擁有足夠鍛煉的人還不到四個。
In an accompanying analysis of people s habits, Dr Hallal found equally wide differences.
同時Hallal博士還對人們的生活習(xí)慣進行了分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)在這方面不同地區(qū)的人差別也很大。
In South-East Asia fewer than a quarter sit for at least four hours each day; in Europe 64%do.
在東南亞，每天至少坐四小時的人不到四分之一，但在歐洲這樣的人卻占了總?cè)丝诘?4%。
And even neighbours may differ.
而且即使是鄰國之間差別也很大。
Only 2% of Swiss walk to work, whereas 23% of Germans do so.
在瑞士，只有2%的人走路上班，但在德國卻有23%的人這樣做。
These high rates of inactivity are worrying.
這么高的懶惰率實在令人擔(dān)憂。
Paradoxically, human beings seem to have evolved to benefit from exercise while eschewingit whenever they can.
人類似乎已經(jīng)進化到一種自相矛盾狀態(tài)，盡管運動十分有益，但人類卻唯恐避之不及。
In a state of nature it would be impossible to live a life that did not provide enough of it tobe beneficial, while over-exercising would use up scarce calories to little advantage.
在自然狀態(tài)下，缺乏鍛煉的生活是不可能對人有益的，但過度鍛煉又可能耗盡寶貴的卡路里，對人體無益。
But that no longer pertains.
但現(xiàn)在這種說法已經(jīng)不再適用現(xiàn)代人了。
According to another paper in the Lancet, insufficient activity these days has nearly thesame effect on life expectancy as smoking.
《柳葉刀》中的另一篇文章稱，缺乏鍛煉對壽命造成的影響幾乎和抽煙差不多。
Global health
全球健康
One potato, two potato, three potato
一個懶漢，兩個懶漢，三個懶漢
An effort to count the world s sloths
來數(shù)一數(shù)世界上的懶漢
A PAPER in the Lancet, shamelessly timed tocoincide with the Olympic games, comparescountries rates of physical activity.
《柳葉刀》的一篇文章對世界各國人民進行體育鍛煉的比率做了一個比較，而這篇文章的發(fā)表時間竟有意選在了奧運會召開之際。
The study it describes, led by Pedro Hallal of the Federal University of Pelotas, in Brazil, is themost complete portrait yet of the world s busy bees and couch potatoes.
文章中的研究由巴西佩洛塔斯聯(lián)邦大學(xué)的Pedro Hallal主導(dǎo)，是迄今為止對世界上的勤勞之人和電視懶蟲最為完整的描繪。
It suggests that nearly a third of adults, 31%, are not getting enough exercise.
研究顯示，世界上有將近三分之一31%的成年人缺乏鍛煉。
That rates of exercise have declinedis hardly a new discovery.
人們的鍛煉比率有所下降這并不是什么新發(fā)現(xiàn)。
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution,
自從工業(yè)革命開始后，
technology and economic growth have conspired to create a world in which the flexing ofmuscles is more and more an option rather than a necessity.
科技和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展合謀創(chuàng)造了一個新世界，在這個世界里，鍛煉身體越來越成為人們的一種選擇，而非迫切的需要。
But only recently have enough good data been collected from enough places to carry out thesort of analysis Dr Hallal and his colleagues have engaged in.
但直到最近，Hallal博士和他的同事才從足夠多的地區(qū)收集到了充足的數(shù)據(jù)來進行這類分析研究。
In all, they were able to pool data from 122 countries, covering 89% of the world spopulation.
Hallal博士和他的同事總共收集了122個國家的數(shù)據(jù)，覆蓋了89%的世界人口。
They considered sufficient physical activity to be 30 minutes of moderate exercise fivedays a week,
他們認為，充足的體育鍛煉應(yīng)該是每周五天進行半小時的適量運動，
20 minutes of vigorous exercise three days a week, or some combination of the two.
或是每周三天進行20分鐘的激烈運動，或者對這兩者進行適當(dāng)結(jié)合。
There are common themes in different places.
不同的地區(qū)出現(xiàn)了同樣的模式。
Unsurprisingly, people in rich countries are less active than those in poor ones, and old peopleare less active than young ones.
富裕國家的人比那些貧窮國家的人鍛煉得更少，老人比年輕人鍛煉得更少，這一點在意料之中。
Less obviously,
但較為隱秘的一個現(xiàn)象是，
women tend to exercise less than men34% are inactive, compared with 28% of men.
女性通常比男性鍛煉得少。女性懶惰人數(shù)占總?cè)藬?shù)的34%，而男性卻只占了28%。
But there are exceptions.
但是也有例外情況，
The women of Croatia, Finland, Iraq and Luxembourg, for example, move more than theirmale countrymen.
如克羅地亞、芬蘭、伊拉克、盧森堡這幾個國家的女性鍛煉得就比本國男性同胞多。
Malta wins the race for most slothful country, with 72% of adults getting too little exercise.
馬耳他有72%的成年人缺乏鍛煉，成為世界上最懶的國家。
Swaziland and Saudi Arabia slouch in close behind, with 69%.
斯威士蘭和沙特阿拉伯緊隨其后，懶惰人數(shù)占全國的69%。
In Bangladesh, by contrast, just 5% of adults fail to exercise enough.
相比之下，孟加拉國只有5%的成年人缺乏鍛煉。
Surprisingly, America does not live up to its sluggish reputation.
讓人吃驚的是，美國竟然沒有人們所說的那么懶。
Six Americans in ten are sufficiently active by Dr Hallal s definition, compared with fewerthan four in ten Britons.
根據(jù)Hallal博士的標準，十個美國人中有六個擁有足夠的鍛煉，而相比之下，十個英國人中擁有足夠鍛煉的人還不到四個。
In an accompanying analysis of people s habits, Dr Hallal found equally wide differences.
同時Hallal博士還對人們的生活習(xí)慣進行了分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)在這方面不同地區(qū)的人差別也很大。
In South-East Asia fewer than a quarter sit for at least four hours each day; in Europe 64%do.
在東南亞，每天至少坐四小時的人不到四分之一，但在歐洲這樣的人卻占了總?cè)丝诘?4%。
And even neighbours may differ.
而且即使是鄰國之間差別也很大。
Only 2% of Swiss walk to work, whereas 23% of Germans do so.
在瑞士，只有2%的人走路上班，但在德國卻有23%的人這樣做。
These high rates of inactivity are worrying.
這么高的懶惰率實在令人擔(dān)憂。
Paradoxically, human beings seem to have evolved to benefit from exercise while eschewingit whenever they can.
人類似乎已經(jīng)進化到一種自相矛盾狀態(tài)，盡管運動十分有益，但人類卻唯恐避之不及。
In a state of nature it would be impossible to live a life that did not provide enough of it tobe beneficial, while over-exercising would use up scarce calories to little advantage.
在自然狀態(tài)下，缺乏鍛煉的生活是不可能對人有益的，但過度鍛煉又可能耗盡寶貴的卡路里，對人體無益。
But that no longer pertains.
但現(xiàn)在這種說法已經(jīng)不再適用現(xiàn)代人了。
According to another paper in the Lancet, insufficient activity these days has nearly thesame effect on life expectancy as smoking.
《柳葉刀》中的另一篇文章稱，缺乏鍛煉對壽命造成的影響幾乎和抽煙差不多。
